fix

Signed-off-by: Jinzhe Zeng <jinzhe.zeng@rutgers.edu>

deepmd/dpmodel/common.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     Optional,
 )
 
+import array_api_compat
 import ml_dtypes
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -109,7 +110,10 @@ def to_numpy_array(x: Any) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
         # asarray is not within Array API standard, so may fail
         return np.asarray(x)
     except (ValueError, AttributeError):
-        return np.from_dlpack(x, copy=True)
+        xp = array_api_compat.array_namespace(x)
+        # to fix BufferError: Cannot export readonly array since signalling readonly is unsupported by DLPack.
+        x = xp.asarray(x, copy=True)
+        return np.from_dlpack(x)
 
 
 __all__ = [

deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/dpa1.py

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 from deepmd.dpmodel.array_api import (
     xp_take_along_axis,
 )
+from deepmd.dpmodel.common import (
+    to_numpy_array,
+)
 from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     EmbeddingNet,
     EnvMat,
@@ -548,8 +551,8 @@ def serialize(self) -> dict:
             "exclude_types": obj.exclude_types,
             "env_protection": obj.env_protection,
             "@variables": {
-                "davg": np.array(obj["davg"]),
-                "dstd": np.array(obj["dstd"]),
+                "davg": to_numpy_array(obj["davg"]),
+                "dstd": to_numpy_array(obj["dstd"]),
             },
             ## to be updated when the options are supported.
             "trainable": self.trainable,
@@ -1022,8 +1025,8 @@ def serialize(self) -> dict:
             "exclude_types": obj.exclude_types,
             "env_protection": obj.env_protection,
             "@variables": {
-                "davg": np.array(obj["davg"]),
-                "dstd": np.array(obj["dstd"]),
+                "davg": to_numpy_array(obj["davg"]),
+                "dstd": to_numpy_array(obj["dstd"]),
             },
         }
         if obj.tebd_input_mode in ["strip"]: