Kakoune

Table of Contents

TL;DR
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Features
- 1.2. Screenshots
2. Getting started
3. Basic Interaction
4. Commands
5. Configuration & Autoloading
- 5.1. Kakrc
- 5.2. Color Schemes
6. Options
7. Faces
8. Advanced topics

TL;DR

Vim inspired — Faster as in fewer keystrokes — Multiple selections — Orthogonal design

git clone http://github.com/mawww/kakoune.git
cd kakoune/src
make
./kak

See http://github.com/mawww/golf for kakoune solutions to vimgolf challenges, regularly beating the best vim solution.

See the design document for more information on Kakoune philosophy and design.

1. Introduction

Kakoune is a code editor heavily inspired by Vim, as such most of its commands are similar to vi’s ones, and it shares Vi’s "keystrokes as a text editing language" model.

Kakoune can operate in two modes, normal and insertion. In insertion mode, keys are directly inserted into the current buffer. In normal mode, keys are used to manipulate the current selection and to enter insertion mode.

Kakoune has a strong focus on interactivity, most commands provide immediate and incremental results, while still being competitive (as in keystroke count) with Vim.

Kakoune works on selections, which are oriented, inclusive range of characters, selections have an anchor and a cursor character. Most commands move both of them, except when extending selection where the anchor character stays fixed and the cursor one moves around.

See http://vimeo.com/82711574

Join us on freenode IRC #Kakoune

1.1. Features

Multiple selections as a central way of interacting
Powerful selection manipulation primitives
- Select all regex matches in current selections
- Keep selections containing/not containing a match for a given regex
- Split current selections with a regex
- Text objects (paragraph, sentence, nestable blocks)
Powerful text manipulation primitives
- Align selections
- Rotate selection contents
- Case manipulation
- Indentation
- Piping each selection to external filter
Client-Server architecture
- Multiple clients on the same editing session
- Use tmux or your X11 window manager to manage windows
Simple interaction with external programs
Automatic contextual help
Automatic as you type completion
Macros
Hooks
Syntax Highlighting
- Supports multiple languages in the same buffer
- Highlight a buffer differently in different windows

1.2. Screenshots

Figure 1. Kakoune in i3

Figure 2. Kakoune in tmux

2. Getting started

2.1. Building

Kakoune dependencies are:

A C++11 compliant compiler (GCC >= 5 or clang >= 3.4) along with its associated C++ standard library (libstdc++ or libc++)
boost (>= 1.50)
ncurses with wide-characters support (>= 5.3, generally referred to as libncursesw)
asciidoc (for the a2k tool), to generate man pages

To build, just type make in the src directory. To generate man pages, type make doc in the src directory.

Kakoune can be built on Linux, MacOS, and Cygwin. Due to Kakoune relying heavily on being in a Unix-like environment, no native Windows version is planned.

2.2. Installing

In order to install kak on your system, rather than running it directly from its source directory, type make install, you can specify the PREFIX and DESTDIR if needed.

Tip

Homebrew (OSX)

Note

The ncurses library that comes with OSX is not new enough to support some mouse based features of Kakoune (only tested on OSX 10.11.3, where the packaged ncurses library is version 5.4, whereas the latest version is 6.0). Currently, a fresh Kakoune install requires that you install ncurses 6.0. You can install ncurses 6.0 via Homebrew,

brew install ncurses

Then, to install,

brew install --HEAD https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mawww/kakoune/master/contrib/kakoune.rb

To update kakoune,

brew upgrade --fetch-HEAD kakoune

Tip	Fedora 22/23/24/Rawhide Use the copr repository. dnf copr enable jkonecny/kakoune dnf install kakoune

Tip	Arch Linux A PKGBUILD kakoune-git to install Kakoune is available in the AUR. # For example build and install Kakoune via yaourt yaourt -Sy kakoune-git

Tip	Gentoo Kakoune is found in portage as app-editors/kakoune

Tip	Exherbo cave resolve -x repository/mawww cave resolve -x kakoune

Tip

openSUSE

kakoune can be found in the editors devel project. Make sure to adjust the link below to point to the repository of your openSUSE version.

#Example for Tumbleweed:
sudo zypper addrepo http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/editors/openSUSE_Factory/editors.repo
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install kakoune

2.3. Running

Just running kak launch a new kak session with a client on local terminal. kak accepts some switches:

-c <session>: connect to given session, sessions are unix sockets /tmp/kakoune/<user>/<session>, <user>/<session> can be used as well to connect to another user’s session, provided the socket permissions have been changed to allow it.
-e <commands>: execute commands on startup
-n: ignore kakrc file
-s <session>: set the session name, by default it will be the pid of the initial kak process.
-d: run Kakoune in daemon mode, without user interface. This requires the session name to be specified with -s. In this mode, the Kakoune server will keep running even if there is no connected client, and will quit when receiving SIGTERM.
-p <session>: read stdin, and then send its content to the given session acting as a remote control.
-f <keys>: Work as a filter, read every file given on the command line and stdin if piped in, and apply given keys on each.
-ui <userinterface>: use given user interface, <userinterface> can be
- ncurses: default terminal user interface
- dummy: empty user interface not displaying anything
- json: json-rpc based user interface that writes json on stdout and read keystrokes as json on stdin.
-l: list existing sessions, and check the dead ones
-clear: clear dead session’s socket files
-ro: prevent modifications to all buffers from being saved to disk
+line[:column]: specify a target line and column for the first file

2.3.1. Configuration

There are two directories containing Kakoune’s scripts:

runtime: located in ../share/kak/ relative to the kak binary contains the system scripts, installed with Kakoune.
userconf: located in $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/kak/, which defaults to $HOME/.config/kak/ on most systems, containing the user configuration.

Unless -n is specified, Kakoune will load its startup script located at ${runtime}/kakrc relative to the kak binary. This startup script is responsible for loading the user configuration.

First, Kakoune will search recursively for .kak files in the autoload directory. It will first look for an autoload directory at ${userconf}/autoload and will fallback to ${runtime}/autoload if it does not exist.

Once all those files are loaded, Kakoune will try to source ${runtime}/kakrc.local which is expected to contain distribution provided configuration.

And finally, the user configuration will be loaded from ${userconf}/kakrc.

Note	If you create a user `autoload` directory in `${userconf}/autoload`, the system one at `${runtime}/autoload` will not be loaded anymore. You can add a symbolic link to it (or to individual scripts) inside `${userconf}/autoload` to keep loading system scripts.

3. Basic Interaction

3.1. Selections

The main concept in Kakoune is the selection. A selection is an inclusive, directed range of character. A selection has two ends, the anchor and the cursor.

There is always at least one selection, and a selection is always at least one character (in which case the anchor and cursor of the selections are on the same character).

3.2. Normal Mode

In normal mode, keys are not inserted directly inside the buffer, but are editing commands. These commands provide ways to manipulate either the selections themselves, or the selected text.

3.3. Insert Mode

When entering insert mode, keys are now directly inserted before each selection’s cursor. Some additional keys are recognised in insert mode:

<esc>: leave insert mode
<backspace>: delete characters before cursors
<del>: delete characters under cursors
<left>, <right>, <up>, <down>: move the cursors in given direction
<home>: move cursors to line begin
<end>: move cursors to end of line
<c-n>: select next completion candidate
<c-p>: select previous completion candidate
<c-x>: explicit insert completion query, followed by:
- f: explicit file completion
- w: explicit word completion
- l: explicit line completion
<c-o>: disable automatic completion for this insert session
<c-r>: insert contents of the register given by next key
<c-v>: insert next keystroke directly into the buffer, without interpreting it.
<c-u>: commit changes up to now as a single undo group.
<a-;>: escape to normal mode for a single command

3.4. Movement

h: select the character on the left of selection end
j: select the character below the selection end
k: select the character above the selection end
l: select the character on the right of selection end
w: select the word and following whitespaces on the right of selection end
b: select preceding whitespaces and the word on the left of selection end
e: select preceding whitespaces and the word on the right of selection end
<a-[wbe]>: same as [wbe] but select WORD instead of word
f: select to the next occurence of given character
t: select until the next occurence of given character
<a-[ft]>: same as [ft] but in the other direction
m: select to matching character
M: extend selection to matching character
x: select line on which selection end lies (or next line when end lies on an end-of-line)
X: similar to x, except the current selection is extended
<a-x>: expand selections to contain full lines (including end-of-lines)
<a-X>: trim selections to only contain full lines (not including last end-of-line)
%: select whole buffer
<a-h>: select to line begin
<a-l>: select to line end
/: search (select next match)
<a-/>: search (select previous match)
?: search (extend to next match)
<a-?>: search (extend to previous match)
n: select next match
N: add a new selection with next match
<a-n>: select previous match
<a-N>: add a new selection with previous match
pageup: scroll up
pagedown: scroll down
': rotate selections (the main selection becomes the next one)
<a-'>: rotate selections backwards
;: reduce selections to their cursor
<a-;>: flip the selections' direction
<a-:>: ensure selections are in forward direction (cursor after anchor)
<a-.>: repeat last object or f/t selection command.

A word is a sequence of alphanumeric characters or underscore, a WORD is a sequence of non whitespace characters.

3.5. Appending

for most selection commands, using shift permits extending current selection instead of replacing it. for example, wWW selects 3 consecutive words

3.6. Using Counts

Most selection commands also support counts, which are entered before the command itself.

For example, 3W selects 3 consecutive words and 3w select the third word on the right of selection end.

3.7. Disabling Hooks

Any normal mode command can be prefixed with \ which will disable hook execution for the duration for the command (including the duration of modes the command could move to, so \i will disable hooks for the whole insert session).

As autoindentation is implemented in terms of hooks, this can be used to disable it when pasting text.

3.8. Changes

i: enter insert mode before current selection
a: enter insert mode after current selection
d: yank and delete current selection
c: yank and delete current selection and enter insert mode
.: repeat last insert mode change (i, a, or c, including the inserted text)
I: enter insert mode at current selection begin line start
A: enter insert mode at current selection end line end
o: enter insert mode in one (or given count) new lines below current selection end
O: enter insert mode in one (or given count) new lines above current selection begin
y: yank selections
p: paste after current selection end
P: paste before current selection begin
<a-p>: paste all after current selection end, and select each pasted string.
<a-P>: paste all before current selection begin, and select each pasted string.
R: replace current selection with yanked text
r: replace each character with the next entered one
<a-j>: join selected lines
<a-J>: join selected lines and select spaces inserted in place of line breaks
<a-m>: merge contiguous selections together (works across lines as well)
<gt> (>): indent selected lines
<a-gt>: indent selected lines, including empty lines
<lt> (<): deindent selected lines
<a-lt>: deindent selected lines, do not remove incomplete indent (3 leading spaces when indent is 4)
|: pipe each selection through the given external filter program and replace the selection with it’s output.
<a-|>: pipe each selection through the given external filter program and ignore its output
!: insert command output before selection
<a-!>: append command output after selection
u: undo last change
<a-u>: move backward in history
U: redo last change
<a-U>: move forward in history
&: align selection, align the cursor of selections by inserting spaces before the first character of the selection
<a-&>: copy indent, copy the indentation of the main selection (or the count one if a count is given) to all other ones
`: to lower case
~: to upper case
<a->`: swap case
@: convert tabs to spaces in current selections, uses the buffer tabstop option or the count parameter for tabstop.
<a-@>: convert spaces to tabs in current selections, uses the buffer tabstop option or the count parameter for tabstop.
<a-">: rotate selections content, if specified, the count groups selections, so 3<a-"> rotate (1, 2, 3) and (3, 4, 6) independently.

3.9. Goto Commands

Commands beginning with g are used to goto certain position and or buffer:

gh: select to line begin
gl: select to line end
gi: select to line begin (non blank)
gg, gk: go to the first line
gj: go to the last line
ge: go to last char of last line
gt: go to the first displayed line
gc: go to the middle displayed line
gb: go to the last displayed line
ga: go to the previous (alternate) buffer
gf: open the file whose name is selected
g.: go to last buffer modification position

If a count is given prior to hitting g, g will jump to the given line. Using G will extend the selection rather than jump.

3.10. View commands

Some commands, all beginning with v permit to manipulate the current view.

vv or vc: center the main selection in the window
vt: scroll to put the main selection on the top line of the window
vb: scroll to put the main selection on the bottom line of the window
vh: scroll the window count columns left
vj: scroll the window count line downward
vk: scroll the window count line upward
vl: scroll the window count columns right

Using V will lock view mode until <esc> is hit

3.11. Marks

Current selections position can be saved in a register and restored later on. By default, marks use the '^' register, but using the register can be set using "<reg> prefix.

Z will save the current selections to the register. <a-Z> will combine the current selections to the register. z will restore the selections from the register. <a-z> will combine the selections from the register with the existing ones.

When combining selections, kakoune will prompt for a combining mode:

+ will append selections from both lists into a single list < will select the selection with the leftmost cursor for each pair > will select the selection with the rightmost cursor for each pair

3.12. Jump list

Some commands, like the goto commands, buffer switch or search commands, push the previous selections to the client’s jump list. It is possible to forward or backward in the jump list using:

<c-i>: Jump forward
<c-o>: Jump backward
<c-s>: save current selections

3.13. Multi Selection

Kak was designed from the start to handle multiple selections. One way to get a multiselection is via the s key.

For example, to change all occurrences of word 'roger' to word 'marcel' in a paragraph, here is what can be done:

select the paragraph with enough x
press s and enter roger, then enter
now paragraph selection was replaced with multiselection of each roger in the paragraph
press c and marcel<esc> to replace rogers with marcels

A multiselection can also be obtained with S, which splits the current selection according to the regex entered. To split a comma separated list, use S then ', *'

The regex syntax supported by Kakoune is the Perl one and is described here Regex syntax.

s and S share the search pattern with /, and hence entering an empty pattern uses the last one.

As a convenience, <a-s> allows you to split the current selections on line boundaries.

To clear multiple selections, use space. To keep only the nth selection use n followed by space, in order to remove a selection, use <a-space>.

<a-k> allows you to enter a regex and keep only the selections that contains a match for this regex. Using <a-K> you can keep the selections not containing a match.

C copies the current selection to the next line (or lines if a count is given) <a-C> does the same to previous lines.

$ allows you to enter a shell command and pipe each selection to it. Selections whose shell command returns 0 will be kept, other will be dropped.

3.14. Object Selection

Some keys allow you to select a text object:

<a-a>: selects the whole object
<a-i>: selects the inner object, that is the object excluding its surrounder. For example, for a quoted string, this will not select the quote, and for a word this will not select trailing spaces.
[: selects to object start
]: selects to object end
{: extends selections to object start
}: extends selections to object end

After this key, you need to enter a second key in order to specify which object you want.

b, ( or ): select the enclosing parenthesis
B, { or }: select the enclosing {} block
r, [ or ]: select the enclosing [] block
a, < or >: select the enclosing <> block
" or Q: select the enclosing double quoted string
' or q: select the enclosing single quoted string
` or g: select the enclosing grave quoted string
w: select the whole word
W: select the whole WORD
s: select the sentence
p: select the paragraph
␣: select the whitespaces
i: select the current indentation block
n: select the number
u: select the argument
:: select user defined object, will prompt for open and close text.

For nestable objects, a count can be used in order to specify which surrounding level to select.

4. Commands

When pressing : in normal mode, Kakoune will open a prompt to enter a command.

Commands are used for non editing tasks, such as opening a buffer, writing the current one, quitting, etc.

A few keys are recognized by prompt mode to help edit a command:

<ret>: validate prompt
<esc>: abandon without
<left> or <a-h>: move cursor to previous character
<right> or <a-l>: move cursor to previous character
<home>: move cursor to first character
<end>: move cursor past the last character
<backspace> or <a-x>: erase character before cursor
<del> or <a-d>: erase character under cursor
<c-w>: advance to next word begin
<c-a-w>: advance to next WORD begin
<c-b>: go back to previous word begin
<c-a-b>: go back to previous WORD begin
<c-e>: advance to next word end
<c-a-e>: advance to next word end
<up> or <c-p>: select previous entry in history
<down> or <c-n>: select next entry in history
<tab>: select next completion candidate
<backtab>: select previous completion candidate
<c-r>: insert then content of the register given by next key.
<c-v>: insert next keystroke without interpreting it
<c-o>: disable auto completion for this prompt

Commands starting with horizontal whitespace (e.g. a space) will not be saved in the command history.

4.1. Basic Commands

Some commands take an exclamation mark (!), which can be used to force the execution of the command (i.e. to quit a modified buffer, the command q! has to be used).

cd [<directory>]: change the current directory to <directory>, or the home directory is unspecified
doc <topic>: display documentation about a topic. The completion list displays the available topics.
e[dit][!] <filename> [<line> [<column>]]: open buffer on file, go to given line and column. If file is already opened, just switch to this file. Use edit! to force reloading.
w[rite][!] [<filename>]: write buffer to <filename> or use its name if filename is not given. If the file is write-protected, its permissions are temporarily changed to allow saving the buffer and restored afterwards when the write! command is used.
w[rite]a[ll]: write all buffers that are associated to a file.
q[uit][!]: exit Kakoune, use quit! to force quitting even if there is some unsaved buffers remaining.
kill[!]: terminate the current session, all the clients as well as the server, use kill! to ignore unsaved buffers
w[a]q[!]: write the current buffer (or all buffers when waq is used) and quit
b[uffer] <name>: switch to buffer <name>
b[uffer]n[ext]: switch to the next buffer
b[uffer]p[rev]: switch to the previous buffer
d[el]b[uf][!] [<name>]: delete the buffer <name>
source <filename>: execute commands in <filename>
colorscheme <name>: load named colorscheme.
rename-client <name>: set current client name
rename-buffer <name>: set current buffer name
rename-session <name>: set current session name
echo [options] <text>: show <text> in status line, with the following options:
- -color <face>: print the given text with <face>, most commonly Error or Information
- -markup: expand the markup strings in <text>
- -debug: print the given text to the *debug* buffer
nop: does nothing, but as with every other commands, arguments may be evaluated. So nop can be used for example to execute a shell command while being sure that it’s output will not be interpreted by kak. :%sh{ echo echo tchou } will echo tchou in Kakoune, whereas :nop %sh{ echo echo tchou } will not, but both will execute the shell command.

4.2. Multiple commands

Multiple commands can be separated either by new lines or by semicolons, as such a semicolon must be escaped with \; to be considered as a literal semicolon argument.

4.3. String syntax

When entering a command, parameters are separated by whitespace (shell like), if you want to give parameters with spaces, you should quote them.

Kakoune support three string syntax:

'strings': uninterpreted strings, you can use \' to escape the separator, every other char is itself.
"strings": expanded strings, % strings (see Expansions) contained are expended. Use \% to escape a % inside them, and \\ to escape a slash.
%{strings}: these strings are very useful when entering commands
- the { and } delimiters are configurable: you can use any non alphanumeric character, e.g. %[string], %<string>, %(string), %~string~, %!string!.
- if the character following the % is one of {[(<, then the closing one is the matching }])> and the delimiters are not escapable but are nestable. For example %{ roger {}; } is a valid string, %{ marcel \} as well.

4.3.1. Expansions

A special kind of %{strings} can be used, with a type between % and the opening delimiter (which cannot be alphanumeric). These strings are expanded according to their type.

For example %opt{autoinfo} is of type 'opt'. 'opt' expansions are replaced by the value of the given option (here autoinfo).

Supported types are:

sh: shell expansion, similar to posix shell $(…) construct, see Shell expansion for more details.
reg: register expansion, will be replaced by the content of the given register.
opt: option expansion, will be replaced with the value of the given option
val: value expansion, gives access to the environment variable available to the Shell expansion. The kak_ prefix is not used there.
arg: argument expansion, gives access to the arguments of the current command, the content can be a number, or @ for all arguments.

For example, you can display last search pattern with

:echo %reg{/}

4.3.2. Shell expansion

The %sh{…} expansion replaces its content with the output of the shell commands in it. It is similar to the shell $(…) syntax and is evaluated only when needed.

For example: %sh{ ls } is replaced with the output of the ls command.

Some of Kakoune state is available through environment variables:

kak_selection: content of the main selection
kak_selections: content of the selection separated by colons, colons and backslashes in the selection contents are escaped with a backslash.
kak_selection_desc: range of the main selection, represented as anchor,cursor; anchor and cursor are in this format: line.column
kak_selections_desc: range of the selecations separated by colons
kak_bufname: name of the current buffer
kak_buffile: full path of the file or same as kak_bufname when there’s no associated file
kak_buflist: the current buffer list, each buffer separated by a colon
kak_buf_line_count: the current buffer line count
kak_timestamp: timestamp of the current buffer, the timestamp is an integer value which is incremented each time the buffer is modified.
kak_runtime: directory containing the kak binary
kak_count: count parameter passed to the command
kak_opt_<name>: value of option <name>
kak_reg_<r>: value of register <r>
kak_session: name of the current session
kak_client: name of current client
kak_modified: buffer has modifications not saved
kak_source: path of the file currently getting executed (through the source command)
kak_cursor_line: line of the end of the main selection
kak_cursor_column: column of the end of the main selection (in byte)
kak_cursor_char_column: column of the end of the main selection (in character)
kak_cursor_byte_offset: offset of the main selection from the beginning of the buffer (in byte).
kak_window_width: width of the current kakoune window
kak_window_height: height of the current kakoune window
kak_hook_param: filtering text passed to the currently executing hook
kak_hook_param_capture_N: text captured by the hook filter regex capture N
kak_client_env_<name>: value of the <name> variable in the client environment. Example: $kak_client_env_SHELL is the SHELL variable

Note that in order to make only needed information available, Kakoune needs to find the environment variable reference in the shell script executed. Hence, %sh{ ./script.sh } with script.sh referencing an environment variable will not work.

For example, you can print informations on the current file in the status line using:

:echo %sh{ ls -l $kak_bufname }

4.3.3. Markup strings

In certain context, kakoune can take a markup string, which is a string containing formatting informations. In these strings, syntax {facename} will enable the face facename until another face gets activated (or the end of the string. Literal { shall be written \{, and literal \ that precede a { shall be written \\

5. Configuration & Autoloading

5.1. Kakrc

If not launched with the -n switch, Kakoune will source the ../share/kak/kakrc file relative to the kak binary, which will source additional files:

If the $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/kak/autoload directory exists, load every *.kak files in it, and load recursively any subdirectory.

If it does not exist, falls back to the site wide autoload directory in ../share/kak/autoload/.

After that, if it exists, source the $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/kak/kakrc file which should be used for user configuration.

In order to continue autoloading site-wide files with a local autoload directory, just add a symbolic link to ../share/kak/autoload/ into your local autoload directory.

5.2. Color Schemes

Kakoune ships with some color schemes that are installed to ../share/kak/colors/. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/kak/colors/ is present the builtin command colorscheme will offer completion for those color schemes. If a scheme is duplicated in userspace, it will take precedence.

6. Options

For user configuration, Kakoune supports options.

Options are typed, their type can be

int: an integer number
bool: a boolean value, yes/true or no/false
str: a string, some freeform text
coord: a line,column pair (separated by comma)
regex: as a string but the set commands will complain if the entered text is not a valid regex.
{int,str}-list: a list, elements are separated by a colon (:) if an element needs to contain a colon, it can be escaped with a backslash.
range-specs: a : separated list of a pair of a buffer range (<begin line>.<begin column>,<end line>.<end column> or <begin line>.<end line>+<length>) and a string (separated by |), except for the first element which is just the timestamp of the buffer.
line-flags: a : separated list of a line number and a corresponding flag (<line>|<flag text>), except for the first element which is just the timestamp of the buffer.
completions: a : separated list of <text>|<docstring>|<menu text> candidates, except for the first element which follows the <line>.<column>[+<length>]@<timestamp> format to define where the completion apply in the buffer. Markup can be used in the menu text.
enum(value1|value2|…): an enum, taking on of the given values
flags(value1|value2|…): a set of flags, taking a combination of the given values joined by |.

Options value can be changed using the set commands:

:set [global,buffer,window] <option> <value> # buffer, window, or global scope

Option values can be different by scope, an option can have a global value, a buffer value and a window value. The effective value of an option depends on the current context. If we have a window in the context (interactive edition for example), then the window value (if any) is used, if not we try the buffer value (if we have a buffer in the context), and if not we use the global value.

That means that two windows on the same buffer can use different options (like different filetype, or different tabstop). However, some options might end up ignored if their scope is not in the command context:

Writing a file never uses the window options for example, so any options related to writing won’t be taken into account if set in the window scope (BOM or eolformat for example).

New options can be declared using the :decl command:

:decl [-hidden] <type> <name> [<value>]

The -hidden parameter makes the option invisible in completion, but still modifiable.

Some options are built in Kakoune, and can be used to control its behaviour:

tabstop int: width of a tab character.
indentwidth int: width (in spaces) used for indentation. 0 means a tab character.
scrolloff coord: number of lines,columns to keep visible around the cursor when scrolling.
eolformat enum(lf|crlf): the format of end of lines when writing a buffer, this is autodetected on load; values of this option assigned to the window scope are ignored
BOM enum(none|utf8): define if the file should be written with a unicode byte order mark. Values of this option assigned to the window scope are ignored
readonly bool: prevent modifications from being saved to disk, all buffers if set to true in the global scope, or current buffer if set in the buffer scope; values of this option assigned to the window scope are ignored
incsearch bool: execute search as it is typed
aligntab bool: use tabs for alignment command
autoinfo flags(command|onkey|normal): display automatic information box in the enabled contexts.
autoshowcompl bool: automatically display possible completions when editing a prompt.
ignored_files regex: filenames matching this regex won’t be considered as candidates on filename completion (except if the text being completed already matches it).
disabled_hooks regex: hooks whose group matches this regex won’t be executed. For example indentation hooks can be disabled with '.*-indent'.
filetype str: arbitrary string defining the type of the file filetype dependant actions should hook on this option changing for activation/deactivation.
path str-list: directories to search for gf command.
completers str-list: completion systems to use for insert mode completion. The given completers are tried in order until one generate some completion candidates. Existing completers are:
- word=all or word=buffer which complete using words in all buffers (word=all) or only the current one (word=buffer)
- filename which tries to detect when a filename is being entered and provides completion based on local filesystem.
- option=<opt-name> where <opt-name> is a completions option.
static_words str-list: list of words that are always added to completion candidates when completing words in insert mode.
completions_extra_word_chars str: a string containing all additional character that should be considered as word character for the purpose of insert mode completion.
autoreload enum(yes|no|ask): auto reload the buffers when an external modification is detected.
debug flags(hooks|shell|profile): dump various debug information in the debug buffer.
idle_timeout int: timeout, in milliseconds, with no user input that will trigger the InsertIdle and NormalIdle hooks.
fs_checkout_timeout int: timeout, in milliseconds, between checks in normal mode of modifications of the file associated with the current buffer on the filesystem.
modelinefmt string: A format string used to generate the mode line, that string is first expanded as a command line would be (expanding %…{…} strings), then markup tags are applied (see Markup strings). Two special atom are available as markup: {{mode_info}} with information about the current mode (example insert 3 sel), and {{context_info}} with information such as if the file has been modified (with [+]), or if it is new (with [new file]).
ui_options: colon separated list of key=value pairs that are forwarded to the user interface implementation. The NCurses UI support the following options:
- ncurses_set_title: if yes or true, the terminal emulator title will be changed.
- ncurses_status_on_top: if yes, or true the status line will be placed at the top of the terminal rather than at the bottom.
- ncurses_assistant: specify the nice assistant you get in info boxes, can be 'clippy' (the default), 'cat', 'dilbert' or 'none'
- ncurses_enable_mouse: boolean option that enables mouse support
- ncurses_change_colors: boolean option that can disable color palette changing if the terminfo enables it but the terminal does not support it.
- ncurses_wheel_down_button and ncurses_wheel_up_button: specify which button send for wheel down/up events.

7. Faces

A Face refers how the specified text is displayed. A face has a foreground color, a background color, and some attributes.

Faces can be defined and modified with the face command:

:face <name> <facespec>

Any place requiring a face can take either a face name defined with the face command or a direct face description (called facespec) with the following syntax:

fg_color[,bg_color][+attributes]

fg_color and bg_color can be:

A named color: black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white.
default, which keeps the existing color
An rgb color: rgb:RRGGBB, with RRGGBB the hexadecimal value of the color.

Not specifying bg_color uses default

attributes is a string of letters each defining an attribute:

u: Underline
r: Reverse
b: Bold
B: Blink
d: Dim
i: Italic
e: Exclusive, override previous faces instead of merging with them

Using named faces instead of facespec permits to change the effective faces afterwards.

There are some builtins faces used by internal Kakoune functionalities:

Default: default colors
PrimarySelection: main selection face for every selected character except the cursor
SecondarySelection: secondary selection face for every selected character except the cursor
PrimaryCursor: cursor of the primary selection
SecondaryCursor: cursor of the secondary selection
LineNumbers: face used by the number_lines highlighter
LineNumberCursor: face used to highlight the line number of the main selection
LineNumbersWrapped: face used to highlight the line number of wrapped lines
MenuForeground: face for the selected element in menus
MenuBackground: face for the not selected elements in menus
Information: face for the information windows and information messages
Error: face of error messages
StatusLine: face used for the status line
StatusCursor: face used for the status line cursor
Prompt: face used prompt displayed on the status line
MatchingChar: face used by the show_matching highlighter
Search: face used to highlight search results
BufferPadding: face applied on the characters that follow the last line of a buffer
Whitespace: face used by the show_whitespaces highlighter

8. Advanced topics

8.1. Registers

Registers are named lists of text. They are used for various purposes, like storing the last yanked text, or the captured groups associated with the selections.

Yanking and pasting uses the register ", however most commands using a register can have their default register overridden by using the " key followed by the register. For example "sy will yank (y command) in the s register. "sp will paste from the s register.

While in insert mode or in a prompt, <c-r> followed by a register name (one character) inserts it.

For example, <c-r> followed by " will insert the currently yanked text. <c-r> followed by 2 will insert the second capture group from the last regex selection.

Registers are lists, instead of simply text in order to interact well with multiselection. Each selection has its own captures or yank buffer.

8.1.1. Alternate names

Non alphanumeric registers have an alternative name that can be used in contexts where only alphanumeric identifiers are possible.

8.1.2. Special registers

Some registers are not general purposes, they cannot be written to, but they contain some special data:

% (percent): current buffer name
. (dot): current selection contents
# (hash): selection indices (first selection has 1, second has 2, …)
_ (underscore): null register, always empty

8.1.3. Default registers

Most commands using a register default to a specific one if not specified:

" (dquote): default yank register, used by yanking and pasting commands like y, p and R
/ (slash): default search register, used by regex based commands like s, * or /
@ (arobase): default macro register, used by q and Q
^ (caret): default mark register, used by z and Z
| (pipe): default shell command register, used by command that spawn a subshell such as |, <a-|>, ! or <a-!>

8.2. Macros

Kakoune can record and replay a sequence of key presses.

Macros are recorded with the Q key, and are stored by default in the @ register. Another register can be chosen by with hitting "<reg> before the Q key.

To replay a macro, use the q key.

8.3. Search selection

Using the * key, you can set the search pattern to the current selection. This tries to be intelligent. It will for example detect if the current selection begins and/or ends at word boundaries and set the search pattern accordingly.

With <a-*> you can set the search pattern to the current selection without Kakoune trying to be smart.

8.4. Regex syntax

The regex syntax supported by Kakoune is the Perl syntax currently provided by Boost : Perl Regular Expression Syntax.

8.5. Exec and Eval

The :exec and :eval commands can be used for running Kakoune commands. :exec runs keys as if they were pressed, whereas :eval executes its given parameters as if they were entered in the command prompt. By default, they do their execution in the context of the current client.

These two commands also save the following registers, who are then restored when the commands have been executed: /, ", |, ^, @.

Some parameters provide a way to change the context of execution:

-client <name>: execute in the context of the client named <name>
-try-client <name>: execute in the context of the client named <name> if such client exists, or else in the current context.
-draft: execute in a copy of the context of the selected client modifications to the selections or input state will not affect the client. This permits to make some modification to the buffer without modifying the user’s selection.
-itersel (requires -draft): execute once per selection, in a context with only the considered selection. This permits avoiding cases where the selections may get merged.
-buffer <names>: execute in the context of each buffers in the comma separated list <names>, '*' as a name can be used to iterate on all buffers.
-no-hooks: disable hook execution while executing the keys/commands
-with-maps: use user key mapping in :exec instead of built in keys.
-save-regs <regs>: regs is a string of registers to be restored after execution (overwrites the list of registers saved by default)

The execution stops when the last key/command is reached, or an error is raised.

Key parameters get concatenated, so the following commands are equivalent:

:exec otest<space>1
:exec o test <space> 1

8.6. Insert mode completion

Kakoune can propose completions while inserting text, the completers option controls automatic completion, which kicks in when a certain idle timeout is reached (100 milliseconds). Insert mode completion can be explicitly triggered using <c-x>, followed, by:

f : filename completion
w : buffer word completion
l : buffer line completion

Completion candidates can be selected using <c-n> and <c-p>.

8.7. Escape to normal mode

From insert mode, pressing <a-;> allows you to execute a single normal mode command. This provides a few advantages:

The selections are not modified: when leaving insert mode using <esc> the selections can change, for example when insert mode was entered with a the cursor will go back one char. Or if on an end of line the cursor will go back left (if possible).
The modes are nested: that means the normal mode can enter prompt (with :), or any other modes (using :on-key or :menu for example), and these modes will get back to the insert mode afterwards.

This feature is tailored for scripting/macros, as it provides a more predictable behaviour than leaving insert mode with <esc>, executing normal mode command and entering back insert mode (with which binding ?)

8.8. Highlighters

Manipulation of the displayed text is done through highlighters, which can be added or removed with the command

:add-highlighter <highlighter_name> <highlighter_parameters...>

and

:remove-highlighter <highlighter_id>

highlighter_id is a name generated by the highlighter specified with highlighter_name, possibly dependent on the parameters. Use command completion on remove-highlighter to see the existing highlighters' id.

General highlighters are:

regex <ex> <capture_id>:<face>…: highlight a regex, takes the regex as first parameter, followed by any number of face parameters. For example: :add-highlighter regex (\hTODO:)?[^\n] 0:cyan 1:yellow,red will highlight C++ style comments in cyan, with an eventual 'TODO:' in yellow on red background.
dynregex: Similar to regex, but expand (like a command parameter would) the given expression before building a regex from the result.
flag_lines <face> <option_name>: add a column in front of the buffer, and display the flags specified in <option_name>, using <face>
show_matching: highlight matching char of the character under the selections' cursor using MatchingChar face.
show_whitespaces <-tab <separator> <-tabpad <separator> <-lf <separator> <-spc <separator> <-nbsp <separator>: display symbols on top of whitespaces to make them more explicit using the Whitespace face.
number_lines <-relative> <-hlcursor> <-separator <separator text>: show line numbers. The -relative switch will show line numbers relative to the main cursor line, the -hlcursor switch will highlight the cursor line with a separate face. With the -separator switch one can specify a string to separate the line numbers column with the rest of the buffer, default is |.
wrap <-word> <-width <max_width>: Soft wrap buffer content to the smallest of window width and max_width. Wrap at word boundaries if -word is specified.
fill <face>: fill using given face, mostly useful with Regions highlighters
ranges <option_name>: use the data in the range-specs option of the given name to highlight the buffer. The string part of the is interpretted as a face to apply to the range.
replace-ranges <option_name>: use the data in the range-specs option of the given name to highlight the buffer. The string part of the is interpretted as a display line to display in place of the range.

8.8.1. Highlighting Groups

The group highlighter is a container for other highlighters. You can add a group to the current window using

add-highlighter group <name>

and then the -group switch of add-highlighter provides a mean to add highlighters inside this group.

add-highlighter -group <name> <type> <params>...

Groups can contain other groups, the -group switch can be used to define a path.

add-highlighter -group <name> group <subname>
add-highlighter -group <name>/<subname> <type> <params>...

8.8.2. Regions highlighters

A special highlighter provides a way to segment the buffer into regions, which are to be highlighted differently.

A region is defined by 4 parameters:

<name> <opening> <closing> <recurse>

name is user defined, opening, closing and recurse are regexes.

opening defines the region start text
closing defines the region end text
recurse defines the text that matches recursively an end token into the region.

recurse is useful for regions that can be nested, for example the %sh{ … } construct in kakoune accept nested { … } so %sh{ … { … } … } is valid. This region can be defined with:

shell_expand %sh\{ \} \{

Regions are used in the regions highlighter which can take any number of regions.

add-highlighter regions <name> <region_name1> <opening1> <closing1> <recurse1>  \
                     <region_name2> <opening2> <closing2> <recurse2>...

The above command defines multiple regions in which other highlighters can be added as follows:

add-highlighter -group <name>/<region_name> ...

Regions are matched using the left-most rule: the left-most region opening starts a new region. When a region closes, the closest next opening start another region.

That matches the rule governing most programming language parsing.

regions also supports a -default <default_region> switch to define the default region, when no other region matches the current buffer range.

Most programming languages can then be properly highlighted using a regions highlighter as root:

add-highlighter regions -default code <lang> \
    string <str_opening> <str_closing> <str_recurse> \
    comment <comment_opening> <comment_closing> <comment_recurse>

add-highlighter -group <lang>/code ...
add-highlighter -group <lang>/string ...
add-highlighter -group <lang>/comment ...

8.8.3. Shared Highlighters

Highlighters are often defined for a specific filetype, and it makes then sense to share the highlighters between all the windows on the same filetypes.

A shared highlighter can be defined with the :add-highlighter command

add-highlighter -group /<group_name> ...

When the group switch values starts with a '/', it references a group in the shared highlighters, rather than the window highlighters.

The common case would be to create a named shared group, and then fill it with highlighters:

add-highlighter -group / group <name>
add-highlighter -group /name regex ...

It can then be referenced in a window using the ref highlighter.

add-highlighter ref <name>

The ref can reference any named highlighter in the shared namespace.

8.9. Hooks

Commands can be registered to be executed when certain events arise. To register a hook use the hook command.

:hook [-group <group>] <scope> <hook_name> <filtering_regex> <commands>

<scope> can be either global, buffer or window (or any of their prefixes). Scopes are hierarchical, meaning that a Window calling a hook will execute its own, the buffer ones and the global ones.

<command> is a string containing the commands to execute when the hook is called.

For example to automatically use line numbering with .cc files, use the following command:

:hook global WinCreate .*\.cc %{ add-highlighter number_lines }

If <group> is given, make this hook part of the named group. groups are used for removing hooks with the remove-hooks command:

remove-hooks <scope> <group>

The above remove every hooks in <scope> that are part of the given group.

Existing hooks are:

NormalIdle: A certain duration has passed since last key was pressed in normal mode.
NormalBegin: Entering normal mode
NormalEnd: Leaving normal mode
NormalKey: A key is received in normal mode, the key is used for filtering
InsertIdle: A certain duration has passed since last key was pressed in insert mode.
InsertBegin: Entering insert mode
InsertEnd: Leaving insert mode
InsertKey: A key is received in insert mode, the key is used for filtering
InsertChar: A character is inserted in insert mode, the character is used for filtering
InsertDelete: A character is deleted in insert mode, the character deleted by the main selection is used for filtering
InsertMove: The cursor moved (without inserting) in insert mode, the key that triggered the move is used for filtering
WinCreate: A window was created, the filtering text is the buffer name
WinClose: A window was destroyed, the filtering text is the buffer name
WinDisplay: A window was bound a client, the filtering text is the buffer name
WinResize: A window resized, the filtering text is '<line>.<column>'
WinSetOption: An option was set in a window context, the filtering text is '<option_name>=<new_value>'
BufSetOption: An option was set in a buffer context, the filtering text is '<option_name>=<new_value>'
BufNewFile: A buffer for a new file has been created, filename is used for filtering
BufOpenFile: A buffer for an existing file has been created, filename is used for filtering
BufCreate: A buffer has been created, filename is used for filtering
BufWritePre: Executed just before a buffer is written, filename is used for filtering.
BufWritePost: Executed just after a buffer is written, filename is used for filtering.
BufClose: Executed when a buffer is deleted, while it is still valid.
BufOpenFifo: Executed when a buffer opens a fifo.
BufReadFifo: Executed after some data has been read from a fifo and inserted in the buffer.
BufCloseFifo: Executed when a fifo buffer closes its fifo file descriptor either because the buffer is being deleted, or because the writing end has been closed.
RuntimeError: an error was encountered while executing a user command the error message is used for filtering
KakBegin: Kakoune started, this is called just after reading the user configuration files
KakEnd: Kakoune is quitting.
FocusIn: On supported clients, triggered when the client gets focused. The filtering text is the client name.
FocusOut: On supported clients, triggered when the client gets unfocused. The filtering text is the client name.
InsertCompletionShow: Triggered when the insert completion menu gets displayed.
InsertCompletionHide: Triggered when the insert completion menu gets hidden.
RawKey: Triggered whenever a key is pressed by the user, the key is used for filtering.

When not specified, the filtering text is an empty string.

8.10. Key Mapping

You can redefine a key’s meaning using the map command:

:map <scope> <mode> <key> <keys>

scope can be one of global, buffer or window (or any prefix), mode one of insert, normal, prompt, menu or user (or any prefix), key a single key name and keys a list of keys.

user mode allows for user mapping behind the , key. Keys will be executed in normal mode.

An optional -docstring switch followed by a string can be used to describe what the mapping does. This docstring will be used in autoinfo boxes.

Mappings can be removed with the unmap command

:unmap <scope> <mode> <key> [<expected>]

If <expected> is specified, unmapping will only proceed if the current mapping matches the expected keys.

8.11. Defining Commands

New commands can be defined using the :def command.

:def <command_name> <commands>

<commands> is a string containing the commands to execute.

def can also take some flags:

-params <num>: the command accept <num> parameters, with <num> either a number, or of the form <min>..<max>, with both <min> and <max> omittable.
-file-completion: try file completion on any parameter passed to this command
-client-completion: try client name completion on any parameter passed to this command
-buffer-completion: try buffer name completion on any parameter passed to this command
-shell-completion: following string is a shell command which takes parameters as positional params and output one completion candidate per line.
-allow-override: allow the new command to replace an existing one with the same name.
-hidden: do not show the command in command name completions
-docstring: define the documentation string for the command

Using shell expansion permits defining complex commands or accessing Kakoune state:

:def print_selection %{ echo %sh{ ${kak_selection} } }

Some helper commands can be used to define composite commands:

prompt <prompt> <command>: prompt the user for a string, when the user validates, executes <command>. The entered text is available in the text value accessible through $kak_text in shells or %val{text} in commands.
on-key <command>: wait for next key from user, then execute <command>, the key is available through the key value, accessible through $kak_key.
menu <label1> <commands1> <label2> <commands2>…: display a menu using labels, the selected label’s commands are executed. menu can take a -auto-single argument, to automatically run commands when only one choice is provided. And a -select-cmds argument, in which case menu takes three argument per item, the last one being a command to execute when the item is selected (but not validated).
info <text>: display text in an information box, at can take a -anchor option, which accepts left, right and cursor as value, in order to specify where the info box should be anchored relative to the main selection.
try <commands> catch <on_error_commands>: prevent an error in <commands> from aborting the command execution, execute <on_error_commands> instead. If nothing is to be done on error, the catch part can be ommitted.
reg <name> <content>: set register <name> to <content>
select <anchor_line>.<anchor_column>,<cursor_line>.<cursor_column>:…: replace the current selections with the one described in the argument
debug {info,buffers,options,memory,shared-strings}: print some debug information in the debug buffer

Note that these commands are available in interactive command mode, but are not that useful in this context.

8.12. Aliases

With :alias commands can be given additional names. Aliases are scoped, so that an alias can refer to one command for a buffer, and to another for another buffer. The following command defines <alias> as an alias for <command>:

:alias <scope> <alias> <command>

<scope> can be one of global, buffer or window.

:unalias <scope> <alias> [<expected>]

Will remove the given alias in the given scope. If <expected> is specified the alias will only be removed if its current value is <expected>.

8.13. FIFO Buffer

The :edit command can take a -fifo parameter:

:edit -fifo <filename> [-scroll] <buffername>

In this case, a buffer named <buffername> is created which reads its content from fifo <filename>. When the fifo is written to, the buffer is automatically updated.

If the -scroll switch is specified, the initial cursor position will be made such as the window displaying the buffer will scroll as new data is read.

This is very useful for running some commands asynchronously while displaying their result in a buffer. See rc/make.kak and rc/grep.kak for examples.

When the buffer is deleted, the fifo will be closed, so any program writing to it will receive SIGPIPE. This is useful as it permits to stop the writing program when the buffer is deleted.

8.14. Menus

When a menu is displayed, you can use j, <c-n> or <tab> to select the next entry, and k, <c-p> or <shift-tab> to select the previous one.

Using the / key, you can enter some regex in order to restrict available choices to the matching ones.

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