Set GCC version in all tools possibly parsing C code

[tautschnig]

The GCC version configures how our C lexer operates. Not setting it
before running the C parser may cause spurious syntax errors, for
example when parsing the system math headers. Tools that potentially
link the built-in library will need to be able to parse those headers
successfully.

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• n/a Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #6789 (b2b2734) into develop (b7c6692) will increase coverage by 0.07%.
The diff coverage is 89.64%.

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #6789      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    76.90%   76.98%   +0.07%     
===========================================
  Files         1590     1593       +3     
  Lines       183969   184121     +152     
===========================================
+ Hits        141486   141740     +254     
+ Misses       42483    42381     -102     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
..._incremental/smt2_incremental_decision_procedure.h	75.00% <ø> (ø)
...c/solvers/smt2_incremental/convert_expr_to_smt.cpp	84.87% <76.74%> (+12.78%)	⬆️
src/solvers/smt2_incremental/object_tracking.cpp	97.87% <97.87%> (ø)
src/goto-analyzer/goto_analyzer_parse_options.cpp	72.27% <100.00%> (+0.33%)	⬆️
src/goto-diff/goto_diff_parse_options.cpp	60.22% <100.00%> (+1.89%)	⬆️
.../goto-instrument/goto_instrument_parse_options.cpp	69.54% <100.00%> (+0.14%)	⬆️
src/goto-programs/goto_function.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/solvers/smt2_incremental/object_tracking.h	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...ncremental/smt2_incremental_decision_procedure.cpp	94.15% <100.00%> (+0.14%)	⬆️
...t/solvers/smt2_incremental/convert_expr_to_smt.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 8 more

---

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[TGWDB]

A pity we still have to parse the same option in several places for different tools.

[tautschnig]

A pity we still have to parse the same option in several places for different tools.

Ack, and while it would be possible to have function to replace those 5 lines by just one function call, that function call would still be in slightly different places in each of the locations touched in this PR.