Make goto_symext::language_mode protected

[tautschnig]

This should be set via constructors. Remove bmc_util/setup_symex as all work is done through constructors.

Keeping as draft until #8643 has been merged (which is the first commit in this PR).

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• n/a Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 80.37%. Comparing base (3c915eb) to head (b50279c).
Report is 2 commits behind head on develop.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##           develop    #8646   +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage    80.37%   80.37%           
========================================
  Files         1686     1686           
  Lines       206885   206889    +4     
  Branches        73       73           
========================================
+ Hits        166276   166288   +12     
+ Misses       40609    40601    -8     

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