Improve SQL Server IndexOf translation and change tests to use Where #28031
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After the discussion in #1625, it turns out the Npgsql provider didn't implement IndexOf with starting position (see #25396), but this didn't surface because the relevant test was calling the function in the top-most projection, and not in a Where clause (so it was client-evaled).
Changed the IndexOf/Replace tests to use Where - we should avoid testing translations in top-most projections except where we specifically need to test materialization etc.
Also tweaked SQL Server IndexOf translation to be better with constants.