Improve performance of DateTime.UtcNow on Windows

src/libraries/System.Private.CoreLib/src/System/DateTime.Windows.cs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 // The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
 
 using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace System
 {
@@ -15,31 +15,26 @@ public static unsafe DateTime UtcNow
         {
             get
             {
-                ulong fileTime;
-                s_pfnGetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&fileTime);
+                ulong fileTimeTmp; // mark only the temp local as address-taken
+                s_pfnGetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&fileTimeTmp);
+                ulong fileTime = fileTimeTmp;
 
                 if (s_systemSupportsLeapSeconds)
                 {
-                    Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME time;
-                    ulong hundredNanoSecond;
+                    // Query the leap second cache first, which avoids expensive calls to GetFileTimeAsSystemTime.
 
-                    if (Interop.Kernel32.FileTimeToSystemTime(&fileTime, &time) != Interop.BOOL.FALSE)
+                    LeapSecondCache cacheValue = s_leapSecondCache;
+                    ulong ticksSinceStartOfCacheValidityWindow = fileTime - cacheValue.OSFileTimeTicksAtStartOfValidityWindow;
+                    if (ticksSinceStartOfCacheValidityWindow < LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks)
                     {
-                        // to keep the time precision
-                        ulong tmp = fileTime; // temp. variable avoids double read from memory
-                        hundredNanoSecond = tmp % TicksPerMillisecond;
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        Interop.Kernel32.GetSystemTime(&time);
-                        hundredNanoSecond = 0;
+                        return new DateTime(dateData: cacheValue.DotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow + ticksSinceStartOfCacheValidityWindow);
                     }
 
-                    return CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(in time, hundredNanoSecond);
+                    return UpdateLeapSecondCacheAndReturnUtcNow(); // couldn't use the cache, go down the slow path
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    return new DateTime(fileTime + FileTimeOffset | KindUtc);
+                    return new DateTime(dateData: fileTime + (FileTimeOffset | KindUtc));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -109,7 +104,6 @@ private static unsafe ulong ToFileTimeLeapSecondsAware(long ticks)
             return fileTime + (uint)tick;
         }
 
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         private static DateTime CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(in Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME time, ulong hundredNanoSecond)
         {
             uint year = time.Year;
@@ -171,5 +165,171 @@ private static DateTime CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(in Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMT
 
             return (delegate* unmanaged[SuppressGCTransition]<ulong*, void>)pfnGetSystemTime;
         }
+
+        private static unsafe DateTime UpdateLeapSecondCacheAndReturnUtcNow()
+        {
+            // From conversations with the Windows team, the OS has the ability to update leap second
+            // data while applications are running. Leap second data is published on WU well ahead of
+            // the actual event. Additionally, the OS's list of leap seconds will only ever expand
+            // from the end. There won't be a situation where a leap second will ever be inserted into
+            // the middle of the list of all known leap seconds.
+            //
+            // Normally, this would mean that we could just ask "will a leap second occur in the next
+            // 24 hours?" and cache this value. However, it's possible that the current machine may have
+            // deferred updates so long that when a leap second is added to the end of the list, it
+            // actually occurs in the past (compared to UtcNow). To account for this possibility, we
+            // limit our cache's lifetime to just a few minutes (the "validity window"). If a deferred
+            // OS update occurs and a past leap second is added, this limits the window in which our
+            // cache will return incorrect values.
+
+            Debug.Assert(s_systemSupportsLeapSeconds);
+            Debug.Assert(LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks < TicksPerDay - TicksPerSecond, "Leap second cache validity window should be less than 23:59:59.");
+
+            ulong fileTimeNow;
+            s_pfnGetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&fileTimeNow);
+
+            // If we reached this point, our leap second cache is stale, and we need to update it.
+            // First, convert the FILETIME to a SYSTEMTIME.
+
+            Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME systemTimeNow;
+            ulong hundredNanoSecondNow = fileTimeNow % TicksPerMillisecond;
+
+            // We need the FILETIME and the SYSTEMTIME to reflect each other's values.
+            // If FileTimeToSystemTime fails, call GetSystemTime and try again until it succeeds.
+            if (Interop.Kernel32.FileTimeToSystemTime(&fileTimeNow, &systemTimeNow) == Interop.BOOL.FALSE)
+            {
+                return LowGranularityNonCachedFallback();
+            }
+
+            // If we're currently within a positive leap second, early-exit since our cache can't handle
+            // this situation. Once midnight rolls around the next call to DateTime.UtcNow should update
+            // the cache correctly.
+
+            if (systemTimeNow.Second >= 60)
+            {
+                return CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(systemTimeNow, hundredNanoSecondNow);
+            }
+
+            // Our cache will be valid for some amount of time (the "validity window").
+            // Check if a leap second will occur within this window.
+
+            ulong fileTimeAtEndOfValidityPeriod = fileTimeNow + LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks;
+            Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME systemTimeAtEndOfValidityPeriod;
+            if (Interop.Kernel32.FileTimeToSystemTime(&fileTimeAtEndOfValidityPeriod, &systemTimeAtEndOfValidityPeriod) == Interop.BOOL.FALSE)
+            {
+                return LowGranularityNonCachedFallback();
+            }
+
+            ulong fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow;
+            ulong dotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow;
+
+            // A leap second can only occur at the end of the day, and we can only leap by +/- 1 second
+            // at a time. To see if a leap second occurs within the upcoming validity window, we can
+            // compare the 'seconds' values at the start and the end of the window.
+
+            if (systemTimeAtEndOfValidityPeriod.Second == systemTimeNow.Second)
+            {
+                // If we reached this block, a leap second will not occur within the validity window.
+                // We can cache the validity window starting at UtcNow.
+
+                fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow = fileTimeNow;
+                dotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow = CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(systemTimeNow, hundredNanoSecondNow)._dateData;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // If we reached this block, a leap second will occur within the validity window. We cannot
+                // allow the cache to cover this entire window, otherwise the cache will start reporting
+                // incorrect values once the leap second occurs. To account for this, we slide the validity
+                // window back a little bit. The window will have the same duration as before, but instead
+                // of beginning now, we'll choose the proper begin time so that it ends at 23:59:59.000.
+
+                Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay = systemTimeNow;
+                systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay.Hour = 0;
+                systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay.Minute = 0;
+                systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay.Second = 0;
+                systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay.Milliseconds = 0;
+
+                ulong fileTimeAtBeginningOfDay;
+                if (Interop.Kernel32.SystemTimeToFileTime(&systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay, &fileTimeAtBeginningOfDay) == Interop.BOOL.FALSE)
+                {
+                    return LowGranularityNonCachedFallback();
+                }
+
+                // StartOfValidityWindow = MidnightUtc + 23:59:59 - ValidityPeriod
+                fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow = fileTimeAtBeginningOfDay + (TicksPerDay - TicksPerSecond) - LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks;
+                if (fileTimeNow - fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow >= LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks)
+                {
+                    // If we're inside this block, then we slid the validity window back so far that the current time is no
+                    // longer within the window. This can only occur if the current time is 23:59:59.xxx and the next second is a
+                    // positive leap second (23:59:60.xxx). For example, if the current time is 23:59:59.123, assuming a
+                    // 5-minute validity period, we'll slide the validity window back to [23:54:59.000, 23:59:59.000).
+                    //
+                    // Depending on how the current process is configured, the OS may report time data in one of two ways. If
+                    // the current process is leap-second aware (has the PROCESS_LEAP_SECOND_INFO_FLAG_ENABLE_SIXTY_SECOND flag set),
+                    // then a SYSTEMTIME object will report leap seconds by setting the 'wSecond' field to 60. If the current
+                    // process is not leap-second aware, the OS will compress the last two seconds of the day as follows.
+                    //
+                    // Actual time      GetSystemTime returns
+                    // ========================================
+                    // 23:59:59.000     23:59:59.000
+                    // 23:59:59.500     23:59:59.250
+                    // 23:59:60.000     23:59:59.500
+                    // 23:59:60.500     23:59:59.750
+                    // 00:00:00.000     00:00:00.000 (next day)
+                    //
+                    // In this scenario, we'll skip the caching logic entirely, relying solely on the OS-provided SYSTEMTIME
+                    // struct to tell us how to interpret the time information.
+
+                    Debug.Assert(systemTimeNow.Hour == 23 && systemTimeNow.Minute == 59 && systemTimeNow.Second == 59);
+                    return CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(systemTimeNow, hundredNanoSecondNow);
+                }
+
+                dotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow = CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(systemTimeAtBeginningOfDay, 0)._dateData + (TicksPerDay - TicksPerSecond) - LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks;
+            }
+
+            // Finally, update the cache and return UtcNow.
+
+            Debug.Assert(fileTimeNow - fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow < LeapSecondCache.ValidityPeriodInTicks, "We should be within the validity window.");
+            Volatile.Write(ref s_leapSecondCache, new LeapSecondCache()
+            {
+                OSFileTimeTicksAtStartOfValidityWindow = fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow,
+                DotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow = dotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow
+            });
+
+            return new DateTime(dateData: dotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow + fileTimeNow - fileTimeAtStartOfValidityWindow);
+
+            static DateTime LowGranularityNonCachedFallback()
+            {
+                // If we reached this point, one of the Win32 APIs FileTimeToSystemTime or SystemTimeToFileTime
+                // failed. This should never happen in practice, as this would imply that the Win32 API
+                // GetSystemTimeAsFileTime returned an invalid value to us at the start of the calling method.
+                // But, just to be safe, if this ever does happen, we'll bypass the caching logic entirely
+                // and fall back to GetSystemTime. This results in a loss of granularity (millisecond-only,
+                // not rdtsc-based), but at least it means we won't fail.
+
+                Debug.Fail("Our Win32 calls should never fail.");
+
+                Interop.Kernel32.SYSTEMTIME systemTimeNow;
+                Interop.Kernel32.GetSystemTime(&systemTimeNow);
+                return CreateDateTimeFromSystemTime(systemTimeNow, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The leap second cache. May be accessed by multiple threads simultaneously.
+        // Writers must not mutate the object's fields after the reference is published.
+        // Readers are not required to use volatile semantics.
+        private static LeapSecondCache s_leapSecondCache = new LeapSecondCache();
+
+        private sealed class LeapSecondCache
+        {
+            // The length of the validity window. Must be less than 23:59:59.
+            internal const ulong ValidityPeriodInTicks = TicksPerMinute * 5;
+
+            // The FILETIME value at the beginning of the validity window.
+            internal ulong OSFileTimeTicksAtStartOfValidityWindow;
+
+            // The DateTime._dateData value at the beginning of the validity window.
+            internal ulong DotnetDateDataAtStartOfValidityWindow;
+        }
     }
 }