Update Alpine versions for release/6.0-staging

[richlander]

Update Alpine versions per our support matrix. Copy and paste from main with a bit more diversity added in.

rich@mazama:~/git/runtime$ docker inspect mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.13-helix-amd64 | grep Created
        "Created": "2023-02-08T01:09:13.663400613Z",
rich@mazama:~/git/runtime$ docker inspect mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.14-helix-amd64 | grep Created
        "Created": "2023-03-29T21:09:33.447669698Z",
rich@mazama:~/git/runtime$ docker inspect mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.16-helix-amd64 | grep Created
        "Created": "2024-02-28T12:50:14.915273879Z",

• Update min OS versions core#9231
• https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/main/eng/pipelines/coreclr/templates/helix-queues-setup.yml
• https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/main/eng/pipelines/libraries/helix-queues-setup.yml

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[carlossanlop]

Tell-mode, approved.
LGTM, no failures.