I work on HTML/CSS/Javascript/PHP, so the extensions are going to cover mainly that kind of development.
Babel -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dzannotti.vscode-babel-coloring
SCSS Intellisense -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=mrmlnc.vscode-scss
SCSS scan -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=aaronphy.scss-scan -- similar to SCSS Intellisense, but not as polished
Bootstrap 3 Snippets -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wcwhitehead.bootstrap-3-snippets
HTML Snippets -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=abusaidm.html-snippets
Drupal 7 Snippets -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=juniormucciolo.drupal-7-snippets
Wordpress Snippets -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=tungvn.wordpress-snippet
Bracket Pair Colorizer -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=CoenraadS.bracket-pair-colorizer
Guides -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=spywhere.guides
Output colorizer -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=IBM.output-colorizer
Highlight Matching Tag -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=vincaslt.highlight-matching-tag -- @code has support only for plain HTML files. This works on any file
Indenticator -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=SirTori.indenticator -- just highlights the current ident depth
Align -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items/steve8708.Align
Numbered Bookmarks -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=alefragnani.numbered-bookmarks -- I prefer my bookmarks numbered, so I can jump quickly with the numpad
Beautify -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=HookyQR.beautify
Close HTML Tag -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Compulim.compulim-vscode-closetag -- Not 100% reliable but useful
Indentation level movement -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=kaiwood.indentation-level-movement -- not sure if this can be a must-have, but looks useful
Autoprefixer -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=mrmlnc.vscode-autoprefixer
Path Intellisense -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=christian-kohler.path-intellisense
Devdocs -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deibit.devdocs -- searchs on devdocs.io
Document This -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=joelday.docthis
CodeHeader -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wh01am.codeheader -- automatically creates doc headers and keep them up-to-date
Project Manager -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=alefragnani.project-manager -- allows quick-switch between projects
EditorConfig for VS Code -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=EditorConfig.EditorConfig
File Utils -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=sleistner.vscode-fileutils -- a couple of useful tools missing on the file tree, like duplicate a file
SVG Viewer -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=cssho.vscode-svgviewer
Scratchpad -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=awesomektvn.scratchpad
Partial Diff -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ryu1kn.partial-diff -- quick diff between selections
GIT History -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items/donjayamanne.githistory
Git Lens -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=eamodio.gitlens -- wonderful tool for code auditory
NPM Intellisense -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=christian-kohler.npm-intellisense
ftp-sync -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items/lukasz-wronski.ftp-sync
Son of Obsidian -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rprouse.theme-obsidian
Oceanic Next -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=naumovs.theme-oceanicnext -- The best port of Oceanic, but still has some issues
Magoon theme -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Northerntwig.magoon
Dark++ Theme -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=DryWolf.dark-plus-plus-theme
VS Code Great Icons -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=emmanuelbeziat.vscode-great-icons
Git Kit -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=albizures.gitkit -- Only interesting because GIT revert current file
Version Lens -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=pflannery.vscode-versionlens -- hints the last version of a NPM package on package.json
Paste and Indent -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Rubymaniac.vscode-paste-and-indent --
HTML Class Completions -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Zignd.html-css-class-completion
PHP Code Format -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items/Kasik96.format-indent
HTML CSS Support -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ecmel.vscode-html-css
HTML Class Suggestions -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=AndersEAndersen.html-class-suggestions
Regex Previewer -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=chrmarti.regex
CSS Peek -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=pranaygp.vscode-css-peek
Psioniq File Header Generator -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=psioniq.psi-header
Random Everything -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=helixquar.randomeverything -- this is amazing
Toggler -- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=tehstun.toggler