Update to the latest kernel version (patch no longer needed)

[nicklan]

This does a few things:

1. update the version of kernel to use
2. update the types to match the new names in kernel
3. remove the s3 patch. kernel now has a feature (cloud) that will enable this, and since this builds with --all-features it will be enabled

@samansmink, by default this won't build in debug mode. it fails with:

duckdb_delta/duckdb/src/include/duckdb/common/helper.hpp:242:57: error: cannot ‘dynamic_cast’ ‘source’ (of type ‘const struct duckdb::MultiFileReaderGlobalState*’) to type ‘const struct duckdb::DeltaMultiFileReaderGlobalState*’ (source type is not polymorphic)
  242 |         D_ASSERT(reinterpret_cast<const T *>(source) == dynamic_cast<const T *>(source));

it builds fine in release mode.

my c++ foo is good enough to fix this by adding:

        virtual ~MultiFileReaderGlobalState() {}

to that class, but not good enough to know if that's the correct fix or if something I've done here has broken things.

[samansmink]

looks good, thanks!