Storage-X - Cost and efficiency requirements for a successful electricity storage in a highly renewable European energy system

This repository includes the scripts and main results covered in the manuscript "Cost and efficiency requirements for a successful electricity storage in a highly renewable European energy system".

The study aims to investigate what a cost-competitive long-duration storage technology need to be attributed with, in terms of capacity costs and efficiencies. See file data/storage_techs_cost_USD.csv for cost and efficiency estimates for seven emerging technologies. Emerging technology options show distinct cost and efficiency characteristics:

We use the energy system model PyPSA-Eur-Sec to derive the unique combinations that entail a substantial optimal storage deployment:

Subsequently, we list design strategies that storage tech developers can use as a crosshair for further development:

To recreate the figures, the network files containing all data from the energy system model can be acquired from Zenodo: XXXX (will be available upon publication). The The networks/ folder in this repository contains:

• config.yaml: file used in PyPSA-Eur-Sec to calculate the scenarios with the storage-X sample space as input.
• snakefile: snakemake rules to prepare, solve, and postprocess the networks.
• make_sspace.py: postprocess all solve networks to obtain storage-X metrics.
• prepare_sector_network.py: scripts to attach sectors. In here, storage-X is attached to the network.
• solve_network.py: script for solving the network.
• costs_2030.csv: csv file obtained with 'PyPSA/technology_data' for the year 2030.

The Jupyter Notebook "Storage-X" directs to the functions creating the main figures in the manuscript.

The results folder contains the results (.csv files) obtained with the "make_sspace.py" script. These include:

• sspace_3888.csv: results obtained for the Electricity system with 3888 samples
• sspace_2016.csv: results obtained for the Electricity system with the initial sample space
• sspace_w_sector_coupling_merged.csv: results obtained for the Electricity system, the Electricity + Heating + Land Transport system, and the Fully sector-coupled system based on 758 storage samples (+ additional 324 when allowing technologies with charge energy efficiency above unity)
• simple_sweep/: folder with single-parametric sweeps for 2013 weather year
• weather_sensitivity/: folder with single-parametric sweeps at variable weather years

Clarification of parameter names in the .csv files:

• "eta1 [-]": charge energy efficiency
• "eta2 [-]": discharge energy efficiency
• "c1": charge power capacity cost (EUR/kW_el)
• "c2": discharge power capacity cost (EUR/kW_el)
• "c_hat [EUR/kWh]": energy capacity cost
• "tau [n_days]": self-discharge time