Add Move-In/Out Support for Subqueries in Elixir Client

[balegas]

Summary

Add support for tagged rows and move-out events in the Elixir client, enabling proper handling of shapes with subqueries in their WHERE clauses.

Background

When a shape has a subquery (e.g., WHERE parent_id IN (SELECT id FROM parent WHERE active = true)), rows can dynamically enter or leave the shape based on changes in the dependency. The server implements this via:

• Tags: Each row gets tags explaining why it's in the shape (MD5 hash of the referenced value)
• Move-out events: When a dependency value is removed, a pattern-based event tells clients to remove matching rows
• Snapshot-end: Visibility boundaries for move-in query results

This feature was implemented in the TypeScript client via TanStack/db#942 and the server-side in electric-sql/electric#3427.

Wire Protocol

Change Messages with Tags

{
  "key": "\"public\".\"child\"/\"1\"",
  "value": {"id": "1", "parent_id": "1", "name": "..."},
  "headers": {
    "operation": "insert",
    "tags": ["abc123def456..."]
  }
}

Update with Tag Changes

{
  "headers": {
    "operation": "update",
    "tags": ["xyz789..."],
    "removed_tags": ["abc123..."]
  }
}

Move-Out Event

{
  "headers": {
    "event": "move-out",
    "patterns": [{"pos": 0, "value": "abc123def456..."}]
  }
}

Snapshot-End Control

{
  "headers": {
    "control": "snapshot-end",
    "xmin": "100",
    "xmax": "200",
    "xip_list": ["150"]
  }
}

Implementation Plan

Phase 1: Data Structures

1.1 Create Electric.Client.TagIndex module

Positional index for efficient move-out pattern matching.

File: lib/electric/client/tag_index.ex

Function	Description
new/0	Create empty index
parse_tag/1	Split tag string by | delimiter
add_tag/3	Add tag to index for a row
remove_tag/3	Remove tag from index
find_rows_matching_pattern/2	O(1) lookup of rows by position+value
tag_matches_pattern?/2	Check if parsed tag matches pattern

Data structure:

%TagIndex{
  index: [%{value => MapSet.t(row_key)}],  # Array indexed by position
  tag_length: non_neg_integer() | nil
}

1.2 Create Electric.Client.MoveState module

Track tag state for all rows in a shape.

File: lib/electric/client/move_state.ex

Function	Description
new/0	Create empty state
add_tags_to_row/3	Add tags to a row
remove_tags_from_row/3	Remove specific tags
clear_row/2	Remove all tags for a row (on delete)
process_move_out_pattern/2	Remove matching tags, return rows to delete
reset/1	Clear all state (on must-refetch)

Data structure:

%MoveState{
  row_tags: %{row_key => MapSet.t(tag)},
  tag_index: %TagIndex{},
  tag_cache: %{tag => parsed_tag}
}

---

Phase 2: Message Types

2.1 Update Message.Headers

Add tag fields to the headers struct:

defstruct [
  # ... existing fields ...
  tags: [],           # List of move tags
  removed_tags: []    # Tags being removed (updates only)
]

2.2 Add Message.EventMessage

New struct for event messages:

defmodule EventMessage do
  defstruct [:event, :patterns, :handle, :request_timestamp]

  @type t :: %__MODULE__{
    event: :move_out,
    patterns: [%{pos: non_neg_integer(), value: String.t()}],
    handle: String.t(),
    request_timestamp: DateTime.t()
  }
end

2.3 Update Message.ControlMessage

Add snapshot visibility fields for snapshot-end:

defstruct [
  # ... existing fields ...
  xmin: nil,
  xmax: nil,
  xip_list: nil
]

2.4 Update Message.parse/3

Add clause to parse event messages:

def parse(%{"headers" => %{"event" => _}} = msg, handle, _) do
  [EventMessage.from_message(msg, handle)]
end

---

Phase 3: Stream Processing

3.1 Update Stream struct

defstruct [
  # ... existing fields ...
  move_state: nil,
  buffered_move_outs: []
]

3.2 Process tags on change messages

defp process_change_tags(%ChangeMessage{} = msg, stream) do
  case msg.headers.operation do
    :delete -> MoveState.clear_row(stream.move_state, msg.key)
    _ ->
      stream.move_state
      |> MoveState.remove_tags_from_row(msg.key, msg.headers.removed_tags)
      |> MoveState.add_tags_to_row(msg.key, msg.headers.tags)
  end
end

3.3 Handle move-out events

defp handle_msg(%EventMessage{event: :move_out} = msg, stream) do
  if stream.up_to_date? do
    process_move_out(msg, stream)
  else
    # Buffer until initial sync completes
    {:cont, %{stream | buffered_move_outs: [msg | stream.buffered_move_outs]}}
  end
end

3.4 Generate synthetic deletes

defp process_move_out(%EventMessage{patterns: patterns}, stream) do
  {rows_to_delete, move_state} =
    Enum.reduce(patterns, {[], stream.move_state}, fn pattern, {dels, state} ->
      {new_dels, state} = MoveState.process_move_out_pattern(state, pattern)
      {new_dels ++ dels, state}
    end)

  # Generate synthetic delete messages
  delete_msgs = Enum.map(rows_to_delete, fn key ->
    %ChangeMessage{
      key: key,
      value: %{},
      headers: Headers.delete(handle: stream.shape_handle)
    }
  end)

  {:cont, buffer_messages(stream, delete_msgs)}
end

3.5 Process buffered move-outs on up-to-date

defp handle_msg(%ControlMessage{control: :up_to_date} = msg, stream) do
  stream = process_buffered_move_outs(stream)
  # ... existing up_to_date handling ...
end

---

Phase 4: Tests

Unit Tests

• test/electric/client/tag_index_test.exs

  • Tag parsing (simple, composite, escaped pipes)
  • Index add/remove operations
  • Pattern matching with wildcards

• test/electric/client/move_state_test.exs

  • Add/remove tags for rows
  • Process move-out patterns
  • Clear row on delete
  • Reset on must-refetch

Integration Tests

• test/electric/client/move_integration_test.exs
  • Receive tags on change messages
  • Process move-out events → synthetic deletes
  • Buffer move-outs during initial sync
  • Handle tag changes on updates
  • Handle must-refetch with move state

---

Phase 5: Documentation

• Add @moduledoc to new modules
• Document tag format and pattern matching
• Add examples to README
• Document synthetic delete behavior

---

Files Changed

File	Action	Description
lib/electric/client/tag_index.ex	Create	Positional tag index
lib/electric/client/move_state.ex	Create	Row tag state tracking
lib/electric/client/message.ex	Modify	Add EventMessage, update Headers
lib/electric/client/stream.ex	Modify	Process tags and move-outs
test/electric/client/tag_index_test.exs	Create	TagIndex unit tests
test/electric/client/move_state_test.exs	Create	MoveState unit tests
test/electric/client/move_integration_test.exs	Create	Integration tests

---

Acceptance Criteria

• Tags are parsed from change message headers
• Tags are tracked per row in MoveState
• Move-out events trigger removal of matching tags
• Rows with empty tag sets generate synthetic delete messages
• Move-out events are buffered during initial sync
• State is cleared on must-refetch
• Existing functionality (shapes without subqueries) is unchanged
• All tests pass

---

Design Decisions

Synthetic Deletes

Move-outs generate %ChangeMessage{operation: :delete} so consumers don't need special handling. The delete appears in the stream like any other delete.

Buffering Strategy

Move-out events during initial sync are buffered and processed when up-to-date is received. This prevents deleting rows before they're inserted.

Backward Compatibility

Tags are optional. Shapes without subqueries work exactly as before - the move_state is simply unused.

Memory Considerations

Each tagged row adds entries to row_tags map and tag_index. For large datasets with many tags, memory usage scales linearly.

---

References

• Server implementation: feat: proper move ins/outs for subqueries without 409s #3427
• TypeScript client: Tagged rows and support for move outs in Electric DB collection TanStack/db#942
• Key server files:
  • sync-service/lib/electric/shapes/shape/subquery_moves.ex
  • sync-service/lib/electric/shapes/consumer/move_handling.ex
  • sync-service/lib/electric/shapes/consumer/move_ins.ex

---

Labels

enhancement, elixir-client, subqueries

[kevin-dp]

Hi @balegas, i reviewed this plan and it seems to be spot on 👍

I would like to raise your attention to one subtle problem we encountered in ts/db. Let's double check whether that can also happen here or not.

In "3.4 Generate synthetic deletes" you have this code:

defp process_move_out(%EventMessage{patterns: patterns}, stream) do
  {rows_to_delete, move_state} =
    Enum.reduce(patterns, {[], stream.move_state}, fn pattern, {dels, state} ->
      {new_dels, state} = MoveState.process_move_out_pattern(state, pattern)
      {new_dels ++ dels, state}
    end)

  # Generate synthetic delete messages
  delete_msgs = Enum.map(rows_to_delete, fn key ->
    %ChangeMessage{
      key: key,
      value: %{},
      headers: Headers.delete(handle: stream.shape_handle)
    }
  end)

  {:cont, buffer_messages(stream, delete_msgs)}
end

When you create the ChangeMessages for deletes you provide the key and an empty value: value: %{}. In ts/db the empty value did not work and we had to provide the current value of the row we wanted to delete. But then there is the corner case where an incoming batch of messages inserts a new row and then it moves out within that same batch. So then you would have to materialise the state while processing the batch to know the value of the row. We didn’t want to do that, so instead we modified ts/db such that we can delete a row by its key and without having to provide the row’s value.

[balegas]

thanks for the heads up, I'll go with the simpler implementation first.

[balegas]

To leave a note that we've only done the elixir client. It's fine. We do Shape when it's needed.

[robacourt]

We do Shape when it's needed.

What do you mean by that, @balegas ? What piece of work are you referring to?

[balegas]

Typescript client. My bad the issue never referred to the typescript client despite being discussed

[kevin-dp]

@balegas We do have a typescript implementation in ts/db. Perhaps we can point Claude to it and it can reproduce for the barebones Typescript client (Shape).

[github-actions]

The PR fixing this issue (#3699) has been released! 🚀

The following packages include the fix:

• @core/elixir-client@0.8.1
• @core/sync-service@1.3.1

Thanks for reporting!