fix: (core) Add circuit breaker pattern for database operations

[augchan42]

Related to #719

This PR implements the circuit breaker pattern directly in DatabaseAdapter as discussed in the previous PR.

Implements circuit breaker pattern to handle database failures gracefully and prevent cascading failures. Fixes #712.

Changes:

Adds CircuitBreaker class with CLOSED, OPEN, and HALF-OPEN states
Introduces BaseCircuitBreakerAdapter for database adapters
Configurable failure thresholds and recovery timeouts
Automatic recovery attempts in HALF-OPEN state
Detailed logging of circuit breaker state changes
Circuit breaker configuration:

Opens after 5 consecutive failures (configurable)
Resets after 60 seconds in OPEN state
Requires 3 successful operations in HALF-OPEN state to close
This helps prevent overwhelming failed database connections and provides graceful degradation during outages.

[augchan42]

closing due to upstream changes again