Devign

Implementation of Devign Model in Python with code for processing the dataset and generation of Code Property Graphs.

This project is under development. For now, just the Abstract Syntax Tree is considered for the graph embedding of code and model training.

Table of Contents

• Getting Started
  • Prerequisites
    • Software
    • Python Libraries
  • Setup
• Structure
• Usage
  • Dataset
  • Fields
  • Baseline "main.py"
    • Create Task
    • Embed Task
    • Process Task
• Results
• Roadmap
• License
• Contact
• Acknowledgements

Getting Started

These instructions will get you a copy of the project up and running on your local machine for development and testing purposes.

Prerequisites

Install the necessary dependencies before running the project:

Software:

• Joern
• Python (=>3.6)

Python Libraries:

• Pandas (>=1.0.1)
• scikit-learn (>=0.22.2)
• PyTorch (>=1.4.0)
• PyTorch Geometric (>=1.4.2)
• Gensim (>=3.8.1)
• cpgclientlib (>=0.11.111)

Notes

---

These notes might save you some time:

• Changes to the configs.json structure need to be reflected in the configs.py script.
• PyTorch Geometric has several dependencies that need to match, including PyTorch. Follow the installation steps on their website.
• Joern processing might be slow and even freeze your OS, that depends on your system's specifications. Choose a smaller size for the chunks that are processed when splitting the dataset during the Create task. That can be done by changing the "slice_size" value under "create" in the configurations file configs.json
• In the "slice_size" file, the nodes are filtered and discarded if the size is greater than the limit configured.
• When changing the number of nodes considered for processing, "nodes_dim" under "embed" needs to match "in_channels", under "devign" -> "model" -> "conv_args" -> "conv1d_1".
• The embedding size is equal to Word2Vec vector size plus 1.
• When executing the Create task, a directory named joern is created and deleted automatically under 'project'\data\.
• The dataset split for modeling during Process task is done under src/data/datamanger.py. The sets are balanced and the train/val/test ratio are 0.8/0.1/0.1 respectively.
• The script graph-for-funcs.sc queries the CPG graphs from Joern. That script has a minor change to make it possible to track the files to the CPGs generated. The last time was failing because dependencies in Joern changed and needed the updated version. I assume you can find it in their latest version. I suggested you look at issue #3. Those CPGs are saved in a JSON file, check function "joern_create" line 48, it prints the CPG created in Joern to a JSON file ... .toString() |> "{json_out}",  and that file is processed by the function "json_process". Both those functions are in the file devign/src/prepare/cpg_generator.py. If you have troubles creating the CPG JSON file with Joern, I advise you to do what you are trying manually in Joern. Create a new project pointing to the dataset folder containing all the files and query the CPG with the  graph-for-funcs.sc script that's built-in, then export it to a file with .toString() |>. Joern commands are quite easy to understand and they have good support on Gitter. As well, follow the commit to understand the changes I've previously made.
• Tested on Ubuntu 18.04/19.04

Setup

---

For now this project is not pip installable. With the proper use cases will be implemented.

This section gives the steps, explanations and examples for getting the project running.

1) Clone this repo

$ git clone https://github.com/epicosy/devign/devign.git

2) Install Prerequisites

3) Configure the project

Verify you have the correct directory structure by matching with the "paths" in the configurations file configs.json. The dataset related files that are generated are saved under those paths.

4) Joern

This step is only necessary for the Create task. Follow the instructions on Joern's documentation page and install Joern's command line tools under 'project'\joern\joern-cli\ .

Structure

---

├── LICENSE
├── README.md                       <- The top-level README for developers using this project.
├── data
│   ├── cpg                         <- Dataset with CPGs.
│   ├── input                       <- Cannonical dataset for modeling.
│   ├── model                       <- Trained models.
│   ├── raw                         <- The original, immutable data dump.
│   ├── tokens                      <- Tokens dataset files generated from the raw data functions.
│   └── w2v                         <- Word2Vec model files for initial embeddings.
│
├── joern
│   ├── joern-cli                   <- Joern command line tools for creating and analyzing code property graphs.
│   └── graphs-for-funcs.sc         <- Script that returns in Json format the AST, CGF, and PDG for each method 
│                                       contained in the loaded CPG.
│
├── src                             <- Source code for use in this project.
│   ├── __init__.py                 <- Makes src a Python package.
│   │
│   ├── data                        <- Data handling scripts.
│   │   ├── __init__.py             <- Makes data a Python package.
│   │   └── datamanger.py           <- Module for the most essential operations on the dataset.
│   │
│   ├── prepare                     <- Package for CPG generation and representation.
│   │   ├── __init__.py             <- Makes prepare a Python package.
│   │   ├── cpg_client_wrapper.py   <- Simple class wrapper for the CpgClient that interacts with the Joern REST server 
│   │   ├── cpg_generator.py        <- Ad-hoc script for creating CPGs with Joern and processing the results.
│   │   └── embeddings.py           <- Module that embeds the graph nodes into node features.
│   │
│   ├── process                     <- Scripts for modeling and predictions.
│   │   ├── __init__.py             <- Makes process a Python package.
│   │   ├── devign.py               <- Module that implements the devign model.
│   │   ├── loader_step.py          <- Module for one epoch iteration over dataset
│   │   ├── model.py                <- Module that implements the devign neural network.
│   │   ├── modeling.py             <- Module for training and prediction the model.
│   │   ├── step.py                 <- Module that performs a forward step on a batch for train/val/test loop.
│   │   └── stopping.py             <- Module that performs early stopping.
│   │
│   │
│   └── utils                       <- Package with helper components like functions and classes, used across 
│       │                              the project.
│       ├── __init__.py             <- Makes utils a Python package.
│       ├── log.py                  <- Module for logging modules messages.
│       ├── functions               <- Auxiliar functions for processing.
│       │   ├── __init__.py         <- Makes functions a Python package
│       │   ├── cpg.py              <- Module with auxiliar functions for CPGs.
│       │   ├── digraph.py          <- Module for creating digraphs from nodes.
│       │   └── parase.py           <- Module for parsing source code into tokens.
│       │ 
│       └── objects                 <- Auxiliar data classes with basic methods.
│           ├── __init__.py         <- Makes objects a Python package.
│           ├── cpg                 <- Auxiliar data classes for representing and handling the Json graphs.
│           │   ├── __init__.py     
│           │   ├── ast.py
│           │   ├── edge.py
│           │   ├── function.py
│           │   ├── node.py
│           │   └── properties.py
│           │
│           ├── input_dataset.py    <- Custom wrapper for Torch Dataset.
│           ├── metrics.py          <- Module for evaluating the results.
│           └── stats.py            <- Module for handling raw results.
│       
│
├── configs.py                      <- Configuration management script.
├── configs.json                    <- Project configurations used by main.py. 
└── main.py                         <- Main script file that joins the modules into executable tasks. 

##Usage

Dataset

---

The dataset used is the partial dataset released by the authors. The dataset is handled with Pandas and the file src/data/datamanger.py contains wrapper functions for the most essential operations.

A small sample of 994 entries from the original dataset is available for testing purposes. The sample dataset contains functions from the FFmpeg project with a maximum of 287 nodes per function. For each task, the necessary dataset files are available under the respective folders.

For example, under data/cpg are available the datasets with the graphs constituting the CPG for the functions.

Fields

project	commit_id	target	func
FFmpeg	973b1a6b9070e2bf17d17568cbaf4043ce931f51	0	static av_cold int vdadec_init(AVCodecContext ...
FFmpeg	321b2a9ded0468670b7678b7c098886930ae16b2	0	static int transcode(AVFormatContext **output_...
FFmpeg	5d5de3eba4c7890c2e8077f5b4ae569671d11cf8	0	static void v4l2_free_buffer(void *opaque, uin...
FFmpeg	32bf6550cb9cc9f487a6722fe2bfc272a93c1065	0	int ff_get_wav_header(AVFormatContext *s, AVIO...
FFmpeg	57d77b3963ce1023eaf5ada8cba58b9379405cc8	0	int av_opencl_buffer_write(cl_mem dst_cl_buf, ...
	...	...	... ...
qemu	1ea879e5580f63414693655fcf0328559cdce138	0	static int no_init_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, audsetti...
qemu	f74990a5d019751c545e9800a3376b6336e77d38	0	uint32_t HELPER(stfle)(CPUS390XState *env, uin...
qemu	a89f364ae8740dfc31b321eed9ee454e996dc3c1	0	static void pxa2xx_fir_write(void *opaque, hwa...
qemu	39fb730aed8c5f7b0058845cb9feac0d4b177985	0	static void disas_thumb_insn(CPUARMState *env,...
FFmpeg	7104c23bd1a1dcb8a7d9e2c8838c7ce55c30a331	0	static void rv34_pred_mv(RV34DecContext *r, in...

Baseline "main.py"

---

The script main.py contains functions that put together the modules into executable tasks for the baseline approach. It can be used as example to elaborate custom functionalities.

The basic baseline transforms the dataset to the input for the model, proceeding with it's training and evaluation. The tasks that compose it are Create, Embed and Process.

$ python main.py -c -e -p.

For each task, verify that the correct files are in the respective folders. For example, executing the Process task requires the input datasets that contain the embedded graphs with the associated labels.

Create Task

This is the first task where the dataset is filtered (optionally) and augmented with a column that contains the respective Code Property Graph (CPG).

Functions in the dataset are written to files into a target directory which Joern is queried with for creating the CPG. After the CPG creation, Joern is queried with the script "graph-for-funcs.sc" which creates the graphs from the CPG. Those are returned in JSON format, containing all the functions with the respective AST, CFG and PDG graphs.

Execute with:

$ python main.py -c

Filtering the dataset can be done with data.apply_filter(raw: pandas.Dataframe, select: callable) under create_task function.

Embed Task

This task transforms the source code functions into tokens which are used to generate and train the word2vec model for the initial embeddings. The nodes embeddings are done as explained in the paper, for now just for the AST:

Execute with:

$ python main.py -e

Tokenization example

Source code:

'static void v4l2_free_buffer(void *opaque, uint8_t *unused)
{

    V4L2Buffer* avbuf = opaque;

    V4L2m2mContext *s = buf_to_m2mctx(avbuf);



    if (atomic_fetch_sub(&avbuf->context_refcount, 1) == 1) {

        atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(&s->refcount, 1, memory_order_acq_rel);



        if (s->reinit) {

            if (!atomic_load(&s->refcount))

              sem_post(&s->refsync);

        } else if (avbuf->context->streamon)

            ff_v4l2_buffer_enqueue(avbuf);



        av_buffer_unref(&avbuf->context_ref);

    }

}
'

Tokens: ['static', 'void', 'FUN1', '(', 'void', '', 'VAR1', ',', 'uint8_t', '', 'VAR2)', '{', 'VAR3', '', 'VAR4', '=', 'VAR1', ';', 'V4L2m2mContext', '', 'VAR5', '=', 'FUN2', '(', 'VAR4)', ';', 'if', '(', 'FUN3', '(', '&', 'VAR4', '-', '>', 'VAR6', ',', '1)', '==', '1)', '{', 'FUN4', '(', '&', 'VAR5', '-', '>', 'VAR7', ',', '1', ',', 'VAR8)', ';', 'if', '(', 'VAR5', '-', '>', 'VAR9)', '{', 'if', '(', '!', 'FUN5', '(', '&', 'VAR5', '-', '>', 'VAR7))', 'FUN6', '(', '&', 'VAR5', '-', '>', 'VAR10)', ';', '}', 'else', 'if', '(', 'VAR4', '-', '>', 'VAR11', '-', '>', 'VAR12)', 'FUN7', '(', 'VAR4)', ';', 'FUN8', '(', '&', 'VAR4', '-', '>', 'VAR13)', ';', '}', '}']

Process Task

In this task the previous transformed dataset is split into train, validation and test sets which are used to train an evaluate the model. The accuracy from training output is softmax accuracy.

Execute with:

$ python main.py -p

Enable EarlyStopping for training with:

$ python main.py -pS

Results

Train/Val/Test ratios - 0.8/0.1/0.1 Example results of training with early stopping on the sample dataset. Last Model checkpoint at 5 epochs.

Parameters used:

• "learning_rate" : 1e-4
• "weight_decay" : 1.3e-6
• "loss_lambda" : 1.3e-6
• "epochs" : 100
• "patience" : 10
• "batch_size" : 8
• "dataset_ratio" : 1 (Total entries)
• "shuffle" : false

True Pos.: 37, False Pos.: 27, True Neg.: 22, False Neg.: 15 Accuracy: 0.5841584158415841 Precision: 0.578125 Recall: 0.7115384615384616 F-measure: 0.6379310344827586 Precision-Recall AUC: 0.5388430220841324 AUC: 0.5569073783359497 MCC: 0.166507096257419

Example results of training without early stopping on the sample dataset.

Parameters used:

• "learning_rate" : 1e-4
• "weight_decay" : 1.3e-6
• "loss_lambda" : 1.3e-6
• "epochs" : 30
• "patience" : 10
• "batch_size" : 8
• "dataset_ratio" : 1 (Total entries)
• "shuffle" : false

True Pos.: 38, False Pos.: 34, True Neg.: 15, False Neg.: 14 Accuracy: 0.5247524752475248 Precision: 0.5277777777777778 Recall: 0.7307692307692307 F-measure: 0.6129032258064515 Precision-Recall AUC: 0.5592493611149129 AUC: 0.5429748822605965 MCC: 0.04075331061223071 Error: 53.56002758457897

Roadmap

See the open issues for a list of proposed features (and known issues).

Authors

• Yaqin Zhou, Shangqing Liu, Jingkai Siow, Xiaoning Du, Yang Liu
• Initial work - Devign Paper, Node Representation and Datasets

License

Distributed under the MIT License. See LICENSE for more information.

Contact

Eduard Pinconschi - eduard.pinconschi@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

Acknowledgments

Guidance and ideas for some parts from:

• Transformer for Software Vulnerability Detection
• SySeVR: A Framework for Using Deep Learning to Detect Vulnerabilities
• VulDeePecker algorithm implemented in Python