Introduce ParamBasedTestProblem for benchmarking (facebook#2675)

Summary:
Pull Request resolved: facebook#2675

Context:

In a future refactor that will enable more flexible and powerful best-point functionality, every BenchmarkProblem's runner will be able to produce an "oracle" value (possibly the ground truth) for any arm, in-sample or not, with a function like `BenchmarkRunner.evaluate_oracle(arm=arm)`, with the problem handling computation and the runner formatting results.  However, the current `BenchmarkRunner` and `BenchmarkMetric` setup currently doesn't cover every benchmark. Consolidating on `BenchmarkRunner` and `BenchmarkMetric` will enable the refactor, make it easier to universalize functionality like handling of constraints, noise, and inference regret, and will also allow for deleting some LOC for more custom problems.

Current `BenchmarkRunner`s only handle problems that can consume tensor-valued arguments: BoTorch synthetic problems and surrogate problems. This isn't a good fit for problems like Jenatton that have a hierarchical search space and can have some parameters not passed. Because Ax always passes parameters and only sometimes represents them as tensors, a `TParameterization` is a more natural abstraction to handle parameters than a tensor.

This PR:
- Introduces `ParamBasedTestProblem`, which is like a BoTorch synthetic test problem but consumes a `TParameterization` rather than a tensor
- Added `ParamBasedProblemRunner`, which shares a base class `SyntheticProblemRunner` and most functionality with  `BotorchTestProblemRunner` (so it is a `BenchmarkRunner` and supports both observed and unboserved noise).

Differential Revision: D60996475

ax/benchmark/runners/base.py

@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod, abstractproperty
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from math import sqrt
 from typing import Any, Union
 
 import torch
 from ax.core.arm import Arm
-from ax.core.base_trial import BaseTrial
+
+from ax.core.base_trial import BaseTrial, TrialStatus
 from ax.core.batch_trial import BatchTrial
 from ax.core.runner import Runner
 from ax.core.trial import Trial
@@ -39,10 +41,7 @@ class BenchmarkRunner(Runner, ABC):
           not over-engineer for that before such a use case arrives.
     """
 
-    @abstractproperty
-    def outcome_names(self) -> list[str]:
-        """The names of the outcomes of the problem (in the order of the outcomes)."""
-        pass  # pragma: no cover
+    outcome_names: list[str]
 
     def get_Y_true(self, arm: Arm) -> Tensor:
         """
@@ -132,3 +131,9 @@ def run(self, trial: BaseTrial) -> dict[str, Any]:
             "Ys_true": Ys_true,
         }
         return run_metadata
+
+    # This will need to be udpated once asynchronous benchmarks are supported.
+    def poll_trial_status(
+        self, trials: Iterable[BaseTrial]
+    ) -> dict[TrialStatus, set[int]]:
+        return {TrialStatus.COMPLETED: {t.index for t in trials}}

ax/benchmark/runners/botorch_test.py

@@ -6,50 +6,85 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import importlib
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Optional, Union
 
 import torch
 from ax.benchmark.runners.base import BenchmarkRunner
 from ax.core.arm import Arm
-from ax.core.base_trial import BaseTrial, TrialStatus
+from ax.core.types import TParameterization
 from ax.utils.common.base import Base
 from ax.utils.common.equality import equality_typechecker
 from ax.utils.common.serialization import TClassDecoderRegistry, TDecoderRegistry
-from ax.utils.common.typeutils import checked_cast
-from botorch.test_functions.base import BaseTestProblem, ConstrainedBaseTestProblem
-from botorch.test_functions.multi_objective import MultiObjectiveTestProblem
+from botorch.test_functions.synthetic import (
+    ConstrainedSyntheticTestFunction,
+    SyntheticTestFunction,
+)
 from botorch.utils.transforms import normalize, unnormalize
+from pyre_extensions import assert_is_instance
 from torch import Tensor
 
 
-class BotorchTestProblemRunner(BenchmarkRunner):
-    """A Runner for evaluating Botorch BaseTestProblems.
+@dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class ParamBasedTestProblem(ABC):
+    """
+    Similar to a BoTorch test problem, but evaluated using an Ax
+    TParameterization rather than a tensor.
+    """
+
+    num_objectives: int
+    optimal_value: float
+    # Constraints could easily be supported similar to BoTorch test problems,
+    # but haven't been hooked up.
+    _is_constrained: bool = False
+    constraint_noise_std: Optional[Union[float, list[float]]] = None
+    noise_std: Optional[Union[float, list[float]]] = None
+    negate: bool = False
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def evaluate_true(self, params: TParameterization) -> Tensor: ...
+
+    def evaluate_slack_true(self, params: TParameterization) -> Tensor:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not support constraints."
+        )
+
+    # pyre-fixme: Missing parameter annotation [2]: Parameter `other` must have
+    # a type other than `Any`.
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            return False
+        return self.__class__.__name__ == other.__class__.__name__
+
 
-    Given a trial the Runner will evaluate the BaseTestProblem.forward method for each
-    arm in the trial, as well as return some metadata about the underlying Botorch
-    problem such as the noise_std. We compute the full result on the Runner (as opposed
-    to the Metric as is typical in synthetic test problems) because the BoTorch problem
-    computes all metrics in one stacked tensor in the MOO case, and we wish to avoid
-    recomputation per metric.
+class SyntheticProblemRunner(BenchmarkRunner, ABC):
+    """A Runner for evaluating synthetic problems, either BoTorch
+    `SyntheticTestFunction`s or Ax benchmarking `ParamBasedTestProblem`s.
+
+    Given a trial, the Runner will evaluate the problem noiselessly for each
+    arm in the trial, as well as return some metadata about the underlying
+    problem such as the noise_std.
     """
 
-    test_problem: BaseTestProblem
+    test_problem: Union[SyntheticTestFunction, ParamBasedTestProblem]
     _is_constrained: bool
-    _test_problem_class: type[BaseTestProblem]
+    _test_problem_class: type[Union[SyntheticTestFunction, ParamBasedTestProblem]]
     _test_problem_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        test_problem_class: type[BaseTestProblem],
+        *,
+        test_problem_class: type[Union[SyntheticTestFunction, ParamBasedTestProblem]],
         test_problem_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
         outcome_names: list[str],
         modified_bounds: Optional[list[tuple[float, float]]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize the test problem runner.
 
         Args:
-            test_problem_class: The BoTorch test problem class.
+            test_problem_class: A BoTorch `SyntheticTestFunction` class or Ax
+                `ParamBasedTestProblem` class.
             test_problem_kwargs: The keyword arguments used for initializing the
                 test problem.
             outcome_names: The names of the outcomes returned by the problem.
@@ -63,28 +98,27 @@ def __init__(
                 If modified bounds are not provided, the test problem will be
                 evaluated using the raw parameter values.
         """
-
         self._test_problem_class = test_problem_class
         self._test_problem_kwargs = test_problem_kwargs
-
-        # pyre-fixme [45]: Invalid class instantiation
-        self.test_problem = test_problem_class(**test_problem_kwargs).to(
-            dtype=torch.double
+        self.test_problem = (
+            # pyre-fixme: Invalid class instantiation [45]: Cannot instantiate
+            # abstract class with abstract method `evaluate_true`.
+            test_problem_class(**test_problem_kwargs)
         )
+        if isinstance(self.test_problem, SyntheticTestFunction):
+            self.test_problem = self.test_problem.to(dtype=torch.double)
+        # A `ConstrainedSyntheticTestFunction` is a type of `SyntheticTestFunction`; a
+        # `ParamBasedTestProblem` is never constrained.
         self._is_constrained: bool = isinstance(
-            self.test_problem, ConstrainedBaseTestProblem
+            self.test_problem, ConstrainedSyntheticTestFunction
         )
-        self._is_moo: bool = isinstance(self.test_problem, MultiObjectiveTestProblem)
-        self._outcome_names = outcome_names
+        self._is_moo: bool = self.test_problem.num_objectives > 1
+        self.outcome_names = outcome_names
         self._modified_bounds = modified_bounds
 
-    @property
-    def outcome_names(self) -> list[str]:
-        return self._outcome_names
-
     @equality_typechecker
     def __eq__(self, other: Base) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, BotorchTestProblemRunner):
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
             return False
 
         return (
@@ -129,12 +163,95 @@ def get_noise_stds(self) -> Union[None, float, dict[str, float]]:
 
         return noise_std_dict
 
+    @classmethod
+    # pyre-fixme [2]: Parameter `obj` must have a type other than `Any``
+    def serialize_init_args(cls, obj: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Serialize the properties needed to initialize the runner.
+        Used for storage.
+        """
+        runner = assert_is_instance(obj, cls)
+
+        return {
+            "test_problem_module": runner._test_problem_class.__module__,
+            "test_problem_class_name": runner._test_problem_class.__name__,
+            "test_problem_kwargs": runner._test_problem_kwargs,
+            "outcome_names": runner.outcome_names,
+            "modified_bounds": runner._modified_bounds,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize_init_args(
+        cls,
+        args: dict[str, Any],
+        decoder_registry: Optional[TDecoderRegistry] = None,
+        class_decoder_registry: Optional[TClassDecoderRegistry] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Given a dictionary, deserialize the properties needed to initialize the
+        runner. Used for storage.
+        """
+
+        module = importlib.import_module(args["test_problem_module"])
+
+        return {
+            "test_problem_class": getattr(module, args["test_problem_class_name"]),
+            "test_problem_kwargs": args["test_problem_kwargs"],
+            "outcome_names": args["outcome_names"],
+            "modified_bounds": args["modified_bounds"],
+        }
+
+
+class BotorchTestProblemRunner(SyntheticProblemRunner):
+    """
+    A `SyntheticProblemRunner` for BoTorch `SyntheticTestFunction`s.
+
+    Args:
+        test_problem_class: A BoTorch `SyntheticTestFunction` class.
+        test_problem_kwargs: The keyword arguments used for initializing the
+            test problem.
+        outcome_names: The names of the outcomes returned by the problem.
+        modified_bounds: The bounds that are used by the Ax search space
+            while optimizing the problem. If different from the bounds of the
+            test problem, we project the parameters into the test problem
+            bounds before evaluating the test problem.
+            For example, if the test problem is defined on [0, 1] but the Ax
+            search space is integers in [0, 10], an Ax parameter value of
+            5 will correspond to 0.5 while evaluating the test problem.
+            If modified bounds are not provided, the test problem will be
+            evaluated using the raw parameter values.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        test_problem_class: type[SyntheticTestFunction],
+        test_problem_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        outcome_names: list[str],
+        modified_bounds: Optional[list[tuple[float, float]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            test_problem_class=test_problem_class,
+            test_problem_kwargs=test_problem_kwargs,
+            outcome_names=outcome_names,
+            modified_bounds=modified_bounds,
+        )
+        self.test_problem: SyntheticTestFunction = self.test_problem.to(
+            dtype=torch.double
+        )
+        self._is_constrained: bool = isinstance(
+            self.test_problem, ConstrainedSyntheticTestFunction
+        )
+
     def get_Y_true(self, arm: Arm) -> Tensor:
-        """Converts X to original bounds -- only if modified bounds were provided --
-        and evaluates the test problem. See `__init__` docstring for details.
+        """
+        Convert the arm to a tensor and evaluate it on the base test problem.
+
+        Convert the tensor to original bounds -- only if modified bounds were
+        provided -- and evaluates the test problem. See the docstring for
+        `modified_bounds` in `BotorchTestProblemRunner.__init__` for details.
 
         Args:
-            X: A `batch_shape x d`-dim tensor of point(s) at which to evaluate the
+            arm: Arm to evaluate. It will be converted to a
+                `batch_shape x d`-dim tensor of point(s) at which to evaluate the
                 test problem.
 
         Returns:
@@ -157,7 +274,7 @@ def get_Y_true(self, arm: Arm) -> Tensor:
             X = unnormalize(unit_X, self.test_problem.bounds)
 
         Y_true = self.test_problem.evaluate_true(X).view(-1)
-        # `BaseTestProblem.evaluate_true()` does not negate the outcome
+        # `SyntheticTestFunction.evaluate_true()` does not negate the outcome
         if self.test_problem.negate:
             Y_true = -Y_true
 
@@ -171,43 +288,44 @@ def get_Y_true(self, arm: Arm) -> Tensor:
 
         return Y_true
 
-    def poll_trial_status(
-        self, trials: Iterable[BaseTrial]
-    ) -> dict[TrialStatus, set[int]]:
-        return {TrialStatus.COMPLETED: {t.index for t in trials}}
 
-    @classmethod
-    # pyre-fixme [2]: Parameter `obj` must have a type other than `Any``
-    def serialize_init_args(cls, obj: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """Serialize the properties needed to initialize the runner.
-        Used for storage.
-        """
-        runner = checked_cast(BotorchTestProblemRunner, obj)
+class ParamBasedTestProblemRunner(SyntheticProblemRunner):
+    """
+    A `SyntheticProblemRunner` for `ParamBasedTestProblem`s. See
+    `SyntheticProblemRunner` for more information.
+    """
 
-        return {
-            "test_problem_module": runner._test_problem_class.__module__,
-            "test_problem_class_name": runner._test_problem_class.__name__,
-            "test_problem_kwargs": runner._test_problem_kwargs,
-            "outcome_names": runner._outcome_names,
-            "modified_bounds": runner._modified_bounds,
-        }
+    # This could easily be supported, but hasn't been hooked up
+    _is_constrained: bool = False
 
-    @classmethod
-    def deserialize_init_args(
-        cls,
-        args: dict[str, Any],
-        decoder_registry: Optional[TDecoderRegistry] = None,
-        class_decoder_registry: Optional[TClassDecoderRegistry] = None,
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """Given a dictionary, deserialize the properties needed to initialize the
-        runner. Used for storage.
-        """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        test_problem_class: type[ParamBasedTestProblem],
+        test_problem_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        outcome_names: list[str],
+        modified_bounds: Optional[list[tuple[float, float]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if modified_bounds is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"modified_bounds is not supported for {test_problem_class.__name__}"
+            )
+        super().__init__(
+            test_problem_class=test_problem_class,
+            test_problem_kwargs=test_problem_kwargs,
+            outcome_names=outcome_names,
+            modified_bounds=modified_bounds,
+        )
+        self.test_problem: ParamBasedTestProblem = self.test_problem
 
-        module = importlib.import_module(args["test_problem_module"])
+    def get_Y_true(self, arm: Arm) -> Tensor:
+        """Evaluates the test problem.
 
-        return {
-            "test_problem_class": getattr(module, args["test_problem_class_name"]),
-            "test_problem_kwargs": args["test_problem_kwargs"],
-            "outcome_names": args["outcome_names"],
-            "modified_bounds": args["modified_bounds"],
-        }
+        Returns:
+            A `batch_shape x m`-dim tensor of ground truth (noiseless) evaluations.
+        """
+        Y_true = self.test_problem.evaluate_true(arm.parameters).view(-1)
+        # `ParamBasedTestProblem.evaluate_true()` does not negate the outcome
+        if self.test_problem.negate:
+            Y_true = -Y_true
+        return Y_true