[i2s_audio] Add more options to speakers and microphones

[pyos]

What does this implement/fix?

Now I2S speakers also have the following options that already exist for microphones:

• i2s_mode (primary/secondary; default: primary)
• use_apll (true/false, default: false)
• channel (left/right/mono/stereo, default: mono)
• sample_rate (default: 16000)
• bits_per_sample (default: 16bit)

Both speakers and microphones also have:

• bits_per_channel (default: equal to bits_per_sample)

channel has new values:

• stereo: input/output data is interpreted as a sequence of (right, left) pairs (this option works for both speakers and microphones);
• mono: for speakers, this is the old behavior - each sample from the input is sent to both left and right channels.

Also, speakers have an extra option:

• timeout (default: 100ms) - how long the background tasks should wait before releasing the bus if the buffer is empty.

The mode option of speakers was removed, because it didn't actually do anything.

The pdm option for microphones is now optional and defaults to false.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#4166

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

i2s_audio:
- i2s_lrclk_pin: 26
  i2s_bclk_pin: 27
  id: i2so
- i2s_lrclk_pin: 33 # WS
  i2s_bclk_pin: 32 # SCK
  id: i2si

microphone:
- platform: i2s_audio
  id: sound_in
  adc_type: external
  i2s_din_pin: 25 # SD
  i2s_audio_id: i2si
  sample_rate: 24000
  bits_per_sample: 32bit
  channel: right
  on_data:
    lambda: |-
      id(sound_out)->play((const uint8_t*)x.data(), x.size() * sizeof(x[0]));

speaker:
- platform: i2s_audio
  id: sound_out
  dac_type: external
  i2s_dout_pin: 14
  i2s_audio_id: i2so
  sample_rate: 24000
  bits_per_sample: 32bit
  channel: mono
  timeout: 500ms

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @jesserockz, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (i2s_audio) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.96%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (e43a33e).
Report is 1293 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #7306      +/-   ##
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+ Coverage   53.70%   53.96%   +0.25%     
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==========================================
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[nielsnl68]

It looks like we had almost the same ideas, already.
see:
#7183
#7137

[nielsnl68]

In my honest opinion this should be an option for the ADC_TYPE enum like:
internal, standard, PDM

[nielsnl68]

My suggestion is to use "CONF_RIGHT" here.

[pyos]

CONF_MONO is equivalent to the current behavior

[nielsnl68]

I know, but still i do think it is not necessary

[esphome]

Please take a look at the requested changes, and use the Ready for review button when you are done, thanks 👍

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[jesserockz]

I have rebased this PR after merging #7183. The tests compile but I have not actually looked at the code or reviewed or tested yet.