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/*/guides/how-to-register-an-ethereum-account /:splat/guides/how-to-create-an-ethereum-account/ 301!

/*/deprecated-software /:splat/dapps/ 301!

/*/languages /:splat/contributing/translation-program/ 301!
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Expand Up @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Watch Austin walk you through mining and the proof-of-work blockchain.

## The mining algorithm {#mining-algorithm}

Ethereum Mainnet only ever used one mining algorithm - ['Ethash'](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/mining-algorithms/ethash/). Ethhash was the successor to an original R&D algorithm known as ['Dagger-Hashimoto'](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/mining-algorithms/dagger-hashimoto/).
Ethereum Mainnet only ever used one mining algorithm - ['Ethash'](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/mining-algorithms/ethash/). Ethash was the successor to an original R&D algorithm known as ['Dagger-Hashimoto'](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/mining-algorithms/dagger-hashimoto/).

[More on mining algorithms](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/mining-algorithms/).

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion public/content/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/index.md
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Expand Up @@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Projects working on zkEVMs include:

- **[Taiko](https://taiko.xyz)** - _Taiko is a decentralized, Ethereum-equivalent ZK-rollup (a [Type 1 ZK-EVM](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html))._

- **[ZKSync](https://docs.zksync.io/zkevm/)** - _ZkSync Era is an EVM-compatible ZK Rollup built by Matter Labs, powered by its own zkEVM._
- **[ZKSync](https://docs.zksync.io/)** - _ZkSync Era is an EVM-compatible ZK Rollup built by Matter Labs, powered by its own zkEVM._

- **[Starknet](https://starkware.co/starknet/)** - _StarkNet is an EVM-compatible layer 2 scaling solution built by StarkWare._

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71 changes: 51 additions & 20 deletions public/content/history/index.md
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Expand Up @@ -19,6 +19,49 @@ These rule changes may create a temporary split in the network. New blocks could

</ExpandableCard>

<ExpandableCard title="Why do some upgrades have multiple names?" contentPreview="Upgrades names follow a pattern">

The software that underlies Ethereum is composed of two halves, known as the [execution layer](/glossary/#execution-layer) and the [consensus layer](/glossary/#consensus-layer).

**Execution upgrade naming**

Since 2021, upgrades to the **execution layer** are named according to the city names of [previous Devcon locations](https://devcon.org/en/past-events/) in chronological order:

| Upgrade Name | Devcon Year | Devcon Number | Upgrade Date |
| ------------ | ----------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| Berlin | 2015 | 0 | Apr 15, 2021 |
| London | 2016 | I | Aug 5, 2021 |
| Shanghai | 2017 | II | Apr 12, 2023 |
| **Cancun** | 2018 | III | Mar 13, 2024 |
| _Prague_ | 2019 | IV | TBD |
| _Osaka_ | 2020 | V | TBD |
| _Bogota_ | 2022 | VI | TBD |
| _Bangkok_ | 2024 | VII | TBD |

**Consensus upgrade naming**

Since the launch of the [Beacon Chain](/glossary/#beacon-chain), upgrades to the **consensus layer** are named after celestial stars beginning with letters that proceed in alphabetical order:

| Upgrade Name | Upgrade Date |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Beacon Chain genesis | Dec 1, 2020 |
| [Altair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair) | Oct 27, 2021 |
| [Bellatrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix) | Sep 6, 2022 |
| [Capella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella) | Apr 12, 2023 |
| [**Deneb**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneb) | Mar 13, 2024 |
| [_Electra_](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_(star)>) | TBD |

**Combined naming**

The execution and consensus upgrades were initially rolled out at different times, but after [The Merge](/roadmap/merge/) in 2022 these have been deployed simultaneously. As-such, colloquial terms have emerged to simplify references to these upgrades using a single conjoined term. This began with the _Shanghai-Capella_ upgrade, commonly referred to as "**Shapella**", and is continued with the _Cancun-Deneb_ upgrade, which may be referred to as "**Dencun**."

| Execution Upgrade | Consensus Upgrade | Short Name |
| ----------------- | ----------------- | ---------- |
| Shanghai | Capella | "Shapella" |
| Cancun | Deneb | "Dencun" |

</ExpandableCard>

Skip straight to information about some of the particularly important past upgrades: [The Beacon Chain](/roadmap/beacon-chain/); [The Merge](/roadmap/merge/); and [EIP-1559](#london)

Looking for future protocol upgrades? [Learn about upcoming upgrades on the Ethereum roadmap](/roadmap/).
Expand All @@ -27,11 +70,11 @@ Looking for future protocol upgrades? [Learn about upcoming upgrades on the Ethe

## 2024 {#2024}

### _(In Progress)_&nbsp; Cancun {#cancun}
### Cancun-Deneb ("Dencun") {#dencun}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="cancun" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="dencun" />

#### Summary {#cancun-summary}
#### Cancun summary {#cancun-summary}

The Cancun upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's _execution_ aimed towards improving scalability, in tandem with the Deneb consensus upgrades.

Expand All @@ -55,13 +98,7 @@ Notably this includes EIP-4844, known as **Proto-Danksharding**, which significa
- [Danksharding](/roadmap/danksharding/)
- [Read the Cancun upgrade specification](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/cancun.md)

---

### _(In Progress)_&nbsp; Deneb {#deneb}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="deneb" />

#### Summary {#deneb-summary}
#### Deneb summary {#deneb-summary}

The Deneb upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's _consensus_ aimed towards improving scalability. This upgrade comes in tandem with the Cancun execution upgrades to enable Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844), along with other improvements to the Beacon Chain.

Expand All @@ -87,11 +124,11 @@ EIP-7514 brings a tightening to the issuance of ETH by capping the "churn" rate

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Summary {#shanghai-summary}
#### Shanghai summary {#shanghai-summary}

The Shanghai upgrade brought staking withdrawals to the execution layer. In tandem with the Capella upgrade, this enabled blocks to accept withdrawal operations, which allows stakers to withdraw their ETH from the Beacon Chain to the execution layer.

Expand All @@ -109,13 +146,7 @@ The Shanghai upgrade brought staking withdrawals to the execution layer. In tand

- [Read the Shanghai upgrade specification](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Summary {#capella-summary}
#### Capella summary {#capella-summary}

The Capella upgrade was the third major upgrade to the consensus layer (Beacon Chain) and enabled staking withdrawals. Capella occurred synchronously with the execution layer upgrade, Shanghai, and enabled staking withdrawal functionality.

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Expand Up @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ La prova de treball és una via resistent per protegir la xarxa i reforçar canv

Un futur més sostenible per a Ethereum està éssent construït en la forma de cadena de [**proves de participació (PoS o «proof-of-stake» en anglès)**](/roadmap/beacon-chain/). Resoldre trencaclosques arbitraris és innecessari amb la [prova de participació](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/). Eliminar la resolució de trencaclosques redueix dràsticament el consum energètic requerit per a protegir la xarxa. Els miners són reemplaçats per validadors que fan la mateixa funció excepte que, en lloc de consumir els seus actius per endavant en forma de treball computacional, dipositen ETH com a garantia contra el comportament deshonest. Si el validador és gandul (està fora de línia quan se suposa que ha de complir amb el deure de validador) els seus ETH dipositats poden filtrar-se a poc a poc, mentre que un comportament deshonest fa que els actius dipositats siguin «retallats» («slashing»). Això incentiva fortament la participació activa i honesta en la protecció de la xarxa.

De forma similar a la prova de treball, una entitat maliciosa requeriria com a mínim el 51% del total d'ETH dipositats a la xarxa per a executar un [atac al 51%](/glossary/#51-attack). No obstant, a diferència de la prova de treball, on la pèrdua potencial en un atac fallit només és el cost de generar la potència de processament necessària per a minar, en la prova de participació la possible pèrdua en un atac és la quantitat total d'ETH utilitzats com a garantia. Aquesta estructura desincentivadora permet la protecció de la xarxa amb la prova de participació mentre elimina la necessitat de consumir energia en computacions arbitràries. Es poden trobar explicacions detallades sobre la seguretat a la xarxa sota la prova de participació [aquí](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/) i [aquí](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html).
De forma similar a la prova de treball, una entitat maliciosa requeriria com a mínim el 51% del total d'ETH dipositats a la xarxa per a executar un [atac al 51%](/glossary/#51%-attack). No obstant, a diferència de la prova de treball, on la pèrdua potencial en un atac fallit només és el cost de generar la potència de processament necessària per a minar, en la prova de participació la possible pèrdua en un atac és la quantitat total d'ETH utilitzats com a garantia. Aquesta estructura desincentivadora permet la protecció de la xarxa amb la prova de participació mentre elimina la necessitat de consumir energia en computacions arbitràries. Es poden trobar explicacions detallades sobre la seguretat a la xarxa sota la prova de participació [aquí](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/) i [aquí](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html).

## La Fusió {#the-merge}

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Expand Up @@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ Suchen Sie nach weiteren Protokoll-Upgrades? [Erfahren Sie mehr über anstehende

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Zusammenfassung {#shanghai-summary}
#### Shanghai-Zusammenfassung {#shanghai-summary}

Das Shanghai-Update ebnete den Weg für Staking-Auszahlungen auf der Ausführungsebene. Die Fusion mit dem Capella-Upgrade ermöglichte es Blöcken, Auszahlungen zu akzeptieren, wodurch Stakern erlaubt wurde, ihre ETH von der Beacon Chain auf der Ausführungsebene abzuheben.

Expand All @@ -48,13 +48,7 @@ Das Shanghai-Update ebnete den Weg für Staking-Auszahlungen auf der Ausführung

- [Lesen Sie die Spezifikation für das Shanghai-Upgrade](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Zusammenfassung {#capella-summary}
#### Capella-Zusammenfassung {#capella-summary}

Das Capella-Update war das drittgrößte Upgrade für die Konsensebene (Beacon Chain) und ermöglichte Staking-Abhebungen. Mit Capella, das gleichzeitig mit dem Upgrade der Ausführungsebene, Shanghai, erfolgte, wurde die Staking-Abhebungsfunktion zur Verfügung gestellt.

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Expand Up @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Vaya directamente a la información sobre algunas de las actualizaciones anterio

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Resumen {#shanghai-summary}
#### Resumen de Shangai {#shanghai-summary}

La actualizacion Shangai permite retirar la participación a la capa de ejecución. Junto con la actualización Capella, habilitó los bloques para aceptar las operaciones de retirada, que permitieran a los interesados retirar sus ETH provenientes de la cadena de baliza para ejecutarlos posteriormente.

Expand All @@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ La actualizacion Shangai permite retirar la participación a la capa de ejecuci

- [Lea la especificación de la actualización Shanghai](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Resumen {#capella-summary}
#### Resumen de Capella {#capella-summary}

La actualizacion Capella es la tercera actualización importante a la capa de consenso (cadena de baliza), que le permite retirar su participación. Capella se produjo de forma sincrónica a la actualización de la capa de ejecución, Shanghai, y activó la funcionalidad de retirada de participaciones.

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14 changes: 4 additions & 10 deletions public/content/translations/fr/history/index.md
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Expand Up @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Vous cherchez les prochaines mises à jour de protocole ? [Découvrez les mises

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Résumé {#shanghai-summary}
#### Résumé de Shanghai {#shanghai-summary}

La mise à jour Shanghai a ouvert la voie à des opérations de retrait et de basculement vers la couche d'exécution Couplée à la mise à jour Capella, cette mise à jour permet aux blocs d'accepter des opérations de retrait, permettant ainsi aux validateurs de retirer leur ETH de la chaîne phare et de le basculer vers la couche d'exécution.

Expand All @@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ La mise à jour Shanghai a ouvert la voie à des opérations de retrait et de ba

- [Lire les spécificités de la mise à jour Shanghai](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Résumé {#capella-summary}
#### Résumé de Capella {#capella-summary}

La mise à jour Capella est la troisième mise à jour majeure vers la couche de consensus (Chaine phare). Elle a permis d'effectuer des retraits de mise en jeu. Capella est entrée en action en même temps que la mise à niveau de la couche d'exécution, Shanghai, et a activé la fonctionnalité de retrait de mise en jeu.

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Expand Up @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Az elkövetkező protokollfrissítések érdeklik? [Tudjon meg többet a követk

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Összegzés {#shanghai-summary}
#### Shanghai összefoglaló {#shanghai-summary}

A Shanghai frissítés bevezette a letétek kivonási lehetőségét a végrehajtási rétegen. A Capella frissítéssel együtt ez lehetővé tette, hogy a blokkok kivonási műveletet fogadjanak el, amivel a letétesek ki tudják venni az ETH a Beacon láncról a végrehajtási rétegre.

Expand All @@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ A Shanghai frissítés bevezette a letétek kivonási lehetőségét a végrehaj

- [Olvassa el a Shanghai frissítés specifikációit](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Összegzés {#capella-summary}
#### Capella összefoglaló {#capella-summary}

A Capella frissítés a harmadik legnagyobb frissítés volt a konszenzusrétegen (Beacon lánc) és lehetővé tette a letétek kivételét. A Capella egyszerre történt a Shanghai frissítéssel, ami a végrehajtási réteget változtatta meg, s így lehetővé vált a letét kivétele.

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Expand Up @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Bukti kerja adalah cara yang kuat untuk mengamankan jaringan dan menegakkan peru

Masa depan yang lebih ramah lingkungan untuk Ethereum sedang dibangun dalam [bentuk rantai **bukti taruhan (PoS)**](/roadmap/beacon-chain/). Di bawah [bukti taruhan](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/), penyelesaian teka-teki arbitrari tidak diperlukan. Menghilangkan penyelesaian teka-teki secara drastis mengurangi pemakaian energi yang diperlukan untuk mengamankan jaringan. Para penambang digantikan oleh para validator yang melakukan fungsi yang sama, kecuali alih-alih membayarkan aset mereka di muka dalam bentuk daya komputasional, mereka menaruhkan ETH sebagai jaminan terhadap perilaku curang. Jika validator malas (luring ketika mereka seharusnya memenuhi beberapa tugas validator) ETH mereka yang ditaruhkan dapat secara perlahan berkurang, sedangkan perilaku curang yang dapat dibuktikan menyebabkan aset yang ditaruhkan "dipotong". Ini sangat mendorong partisipasi aktif dan jujur dalam mengamankan jaringan.

Sama dengan bukti kerja, entitas yang jahat akan mengharuskan setidaknya 51% total ETH yang ditaruhkan dalam jaringan untuk mengeksekusi [serangan 51%](/glossary/#51-attack). Namun, tidak seperti pada bukti kerja, di mana kerugian potensial dari serangan yang gagal hanya merupakan biaya pembuatan daya hash yang diperlukan untuk menambang, pada bukti taruhan, kerugian yang mungkin dari suatu serangan adalah seluruh jumlah ETH yang digunakan sebagai jaminan. Struktur yang tidak mendukung ini memungkinkan keamanan jaringan dengan bukti taruhan, sekaligus menghapus kebutuhan untuk memakai energi pada komputasi arbitrari. Penjelasan lengkap dari keamanan jaringan di bawah bukti taruhan dapat ditemukan [di sini](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/) dan [di sini](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html).
Sama dengan bukti kerja, entitas yang jahat akan mengharuskan setidaknya 51% total ETH yang ditaruhkan dalam jaringan untuk mengeksekusi [serangan 51%](/glossary/#51%-attack). Namun, tidak seperti pada bukti kerja, di mana kerugian potensial dari serangan yang gagal hanya merupakan biaya pembuatan daya hash yang diperlukan untuk menambang, pada bukti taruhan, kerugian yang mungkin dari suatu serangan adalah seluruh jumlah ETH yang digunakan sebagai jaminan. Struktur yang tidak mendukung ini memungkinkan keamanan jaringan dengan bukti taruhan, sekaligus menghapus kebutuhan untuk memakai energi pada komputasi arbitrari. Penjelasan lengkap dari keamanan jaringan di bawah bukti taruhan dapat ditemukan [di sini](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/) dan [di sini](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html).

## Penggabungan {#the-merge}

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Expand Up @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Sedang mencari peningkatan protokol di masa mendatang? [Pelajari tentang upgrade

## 2023 {#2023}

### Shanghai {#shanghai}
### Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") {#shapella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shanghai" />
<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="shapella" />

#### Ringkasan {#shanghai-summary}
#### Ringkasan Shanghai {#shanghai-summary}

Peningkatan Shanghai membawa penarikan penaruhan ke Lapisan Eksekusi. Bersamaan dengan peningkatan Capella, ini memungkinkan blok menerima operasi penarikan, yang memungkinkan para staker menarik ETH mereka dari Rantai Suar ke lapisan eksekusi.

Expand All @@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ Peningkatan Shanghai membawa penarikan penaruhan ke Lapisan Eksekusi. Bersamaan

- [Baca spesifikasi meningkatkan Shanghai](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)

---

### Capella {#capella}

<NetworkUpgradeSummary name="capella" />

#### Ringkasan {#capella-summary}
#### Ringkasan Capella {#capella-summary}

Peningkatan Capella adalah peningkatan utama ketiga pada lapisan konsensus (Rantai Suar) dan memungkinkan penarikan penaruhan. Capella terjadi secara bersamaan dengan upgrade lapisan eksekusi, Shanghai, dan mengaktifkan fungsionalitas penarikan penaruhan.

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