fix(core): Ensure `withScope` sets current scope correctly with async callbacks #17926

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Build	5m 39s
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Node (${{ matrix.node }}) Unit Tests	1s
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Deno Unit Tests	1s
Nextjs (Node ${{ matrix.node }}) Tests	1s
Browser (${{ matrix.browser }}) Tests	1s
Playwright Loader (${{ matrix.bundle }}) Tests	1s
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Node (${{ matrix.node }})${{ ((matrix.typescript && format(' (TS {0})', matrix.typescript)) \|\| '') }} Integration Tests	1s
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E2E ${{ matrix.label \|\| matrix.test-application }} Test	1s
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	6m 34s

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