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ssh: support for marshaling keys using the OpenSSH format
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This adds methods to marshal private keys, encrypted and unencrypted
to the OpenSSH format.

Fixes golang/go#37132

Change-Id: I1a95301f789ce04858e6b147748c6e8b7700384b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/crypto/+/218620
Run-TryBot: Roland Shoemaker <roland@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Mui <cherryyz@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Roland Shoemaker <roland@golang.org>
Auto-Submit: Roland Shoemaker <roland@golang.org>
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@maraino @gopherbot
maraino authored and gopherbot committed Sep 5, 2023
1 parent c5370d2 commit d359caa
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Showing 2 changed files with 308 additions and 46 deletions.
286 changes: 240 additions & 46 deletions ssh/keys.go
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ import (
"crypto/ecdsa"
"crypto/elliptic"
"crypto/md5"
"crypto/rand"
"crypto/rsa"
"crypto/sha256"
"crypto/x509"
"encoding/asn1"
"encoding/base64"
"encoding/binary"
"encoding/hex"
"encoding/pem"
"errors"
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -295,6 +297,18 @@ func MarshalAuthorizedKey(key PublicKey) []byte {
return b.Bytes()
}

// MarshalPrivateKey returns a PEM block with the private key serialized in the
// OpenSSH format.
func MarshalPrivateKey(key crypto.PrivateKey, comment string) (*pem.Block, error) {
return marshalOpenSSHPrivateKey(key, comment, unencryptedOpenSSHMarshaler)
}

// MarshalPrivateKeyWithPassphrase returns a PEM block holding the encrypted
// private key serialized in the OpenSSH format.
func MarshalPrivateKeyWithPassphrase(key crypto.PrivateKey, comment string, passphrase []byte) (*pem.Block, error) {
return marshalOpenSSHPrivateKey(key, comment, passphraseProtectedOpenSSHMarshaler(passphrase))
}

// PublicKey represents a public key using an unspecified algorithm.
//
// Some PublicKeys provided by this package also implement CryptoPublicKey.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1241,28 +1255,106 @@ func passphraseProtectedOpenSSHKey(passphrase []byte) openSSHDecryptFunc {
}
}

func unencryptedOpenSSHMarshaler(privKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, string, string, string, error) {
key := generateOpenSSHPadding(privKeyBlock, 8)
return key, "none", "none", "", nil
}

func passphraseProtectedOpenSSHMarshaler(passphrase []byte) openSSHEncryptFunc {
return func(privKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, string, string, string, error) {
salt := make([]byte, 16)
if _, err := rand.Read(salt); err != nil {
return nil, "", "", "", err
}

opts := struct {
Salt []byte
Rounds uint32
}{salt, 16}

// Derive key to encrypt the private key block.
k, err := bcrypt_pbkdf.Key(passphrase, salt, int(opts.Rounds), 32+aes.BlockSize)
if err != nil {
return nil, "", "", "", err
}

// Add padding matching the block size of AES.
keyBlock := generateOpenSSHPadding(privKeyBlock, aes.BlockSize)

// Encrypt the private key using the derived secret.

dst := make([]byte, len(keyBlock))
key, iv := k[:32], k[32:]
block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, "", "", "", err
}

stream := cipher.NewCTR(block, iv)
stream.XORKeyStream(dst, keyBlock)

return dst, "aes256-ctr", "bcrypt", string(Marshal(opts)), nil
}
}

const privateKeyAuthMagic = "openssh-key-v1\x00"

type openSSHDecryptFunc func(CipherName, KdfName, KdfOpts string, PrivKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, error)
type openSSHEncryptFunc func(PrivKeyBlock []byte) (ProtectedKeyBlock []byte, cipherName, kdfName, kdfOptions string, err error)

type openSSHEncryptedPrivateKey struct {
CipherName string
KdfName string
KdfOpts string
NumKeys uint32
PubKey []byte
PrivKeyBlock []byte
}

type openSSHPrivateKey struct {
Check1 uint32
Check2 uint32
Keytype string
Rest []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}

type openSSHRSAPrivateKey struct {
N *big.Int
E *big.Int
D *big.Int
Iqmp *big.Int
P *big.Int
Q *big.Int
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}

type openSSHEd25519PrivateKey struct {
Pub []byte
Priv []byte
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}

type openSSHECDSAPrivateKey struct {
Curve string
Pub []byte
D *big.Int
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}

// parseOpenSSHPrivateKey parses an OpenSSH private key, using the decrypt
// function to unwrap the encrypted portion. unencryptedOpenSSHKey can be used
// as the decrypt function to parse an unencrypted private key. See
// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/master/PROTOCOL.key.
func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.PrivateKey, error) {
const magic = "openssh-key-v1\x00"
if len(key) < len(magic) || string(key[:len(magic)]) != magic {
if len(key) < len(privateKeyAuthMagic) || string(key[:len(privateKeyAuthMagic)]) != privateKeyAuthMagic {
return nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid openssh private key format")
}
remaining := key[len(magic):]

var w struct {
CipherName string
KdfName string
KdfOpts string
NumKeys uint32
PubKey []byte
PrivKeyBlock []byte
}
remaining := key[len(privateKeyAuthMagic):]

var w openSSHEncryptedPrivateKey
if err := Unmarshal(remaining, &w); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
Expand All @@ -1284,13 +1376,7 @@ func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.Priv
return nil, err
}

pk1 := struct {
Check1 uint32
Check2 uint32
Keytype string
Rest []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}{}

var pk1 openSSHPrivateKey
if err := Unmarshal(privKeyBlock, &pk1); err != nil || pk1.Check1 != pk1.Check2 {
if w.CipherName != "none" {
return nil, x509.IncorrectPasswordError
Expand All @@ -1300,18 +1386,7 @@ func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.Priv

switch pk1.Keytype {
case KeyAlgoRSA:
// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/master/sshkey.c#L2760-L2773
key := struct {
N *big.Int
E *big.Int
D *big.Int
Iqmp *big.Int
P *big.Int
Q *big.Int
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}{}

var key openSSHRSAPrivateKey
if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
Expand All @@ -1337,13 +1412,7 @@ func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.Priv

return pk, nil
case KeyAlgoED25519:
key := struct {
Pub []byte
Priv []byte
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}{}

var key openSSHEd25519PrivateKey
if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
Expand All @@ -1360,14 +1429,7 @@ func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.Priv
copy(pk, key.Priv)
return &pk, nil
case KeyAlgoECDSA256, KeyAlgoECDSA384, KeyAlgoECDSA521:
key := struct {
Curve string
Pub []byte
D *big.Int
Comment string
Pad []byte `ssh:"rest"`
}{}

var key openSSHECDSAPrivateKey
if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1415,6 +1477,131 @@ func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.Priv
}
}

func marshalOpenSSHPrivateKey(key crypto.PrivateKey, comment string, encrypt openSSHEncryptFunc) (*pem.Block, error) {
var w openSSHEncryptedPrivateKey
var pk1 openSSHPrivateKey

// Random check bytes.
var check uint32
if err := binary.Read(rand.Reader, binary.BigEndian, &check); err != nil {
return nil, err
}

pk1.Check1 = check
pk1.Check2 = check
w.NumKeys = 1

// Use a []byte directly on ed25519 keys.
if k, ok := key.(*ed25519.PrivateKey); ok {
key = *k
}

switch k := key.(type) {
case *rsa.PrivateKey:
E := new(big.Int).SetInt64(int64(k.PublicKey.E))
// Marshal public key:
// E and N are in reversed order in the public and private key.
pubKey := struct {
KeyType string
E *big.Int
N *big.Int
}{
KeyAlgoRSA,
E, k.PublicKey.N,
}
w.PubKey = Marshal(pubKey)

// Marshal private key.
key := openSSHRSAPrivateKey{
N: k.PublicKey.N,
E: E,
D: k.D,
Iqmp: k.Precomputed.Qinv,
P: k.Primes[0],
Q: k.Primes[1],
Comment: comment,
}
pk1.Keytype = KeyAlgoRSA
pk1.Rest = Marshal(key)
case ed25519.PrivateKey:
pub := make([]byte, ed25519.PublicKeySize)
priv := make([]byte, ed25519.PrivateKeySize)
copy(pub, k[32:])
copy(priv, k)

// Marshal public key.
pubKey := struct {
KeyType string
Pub []byte
}{
KeyAlgoED25519, pub,
}
w.PubKey = Marshal(pubKey)

// Marshal private key.
key := openSSHEd25519PrivateKey{
Pub: pub,
Priv: priv,
Comment: comment,
}
pk1.Keytype = KeyAlgoED25519
pk1.Rest = Marshal(key)
case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
var curve, keyType string
switch name := k.Curve.Params().Name; name {
case "P-256":
curve = "nistp256"
keyType = KeyAlgoECDSA256
case "P-384":
curve = "nistp384"
keyType = KeyAlgoECDSA384
case "P-521":
curve = "nistp521"
keyType = KeyAlgoECDSA521
default:
return nil, errors.New("ssh: unhandled elliptic curve " + name)
}

pub := elliptic.Marshal(k.Curve, k.PublicKey.X, k.PublicKey.Y)

// Marshal public key.
pubKey := struct {
KeyType string
Curve string
Pub []byte
}{
keyType, curve, pub,
}
w.PubKey = Marshal(pubKey)

// Marshal private key.
key := openSSHECDSAPrivateKey{
Curve: curve,
Pub: pub,
D: k.D,
Comment: comment,
}
pk1.Keytype = keyType
pk1.Rest = Marshal(key)
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported key type %T", k)
}

var err error
// Add padding and encrypt the key if necessary.
w.PrivKeyBlock, w.CipherName, w.KdfName, w.KdfOpts, err = encrypt(Marshal(pk1))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}

b := Marshal(w)
block := &pem.Block{
Type: "OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY",
Bytes: append([]byte(privateKeyAuthMagic), b...),
}
return block, nil
}

func checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(pad []byte) error {
for i, b := range pad {
if int(b) != i+1 {
Expand All @@ -1424,6 +1611,13 @@ func checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(pad []byte) error {
return nil
}

func generateOpenSSHPadding(block []byte, blockSize int) []byte {
for i, l := 0, len(block); (l+i)%blockSize != 0; i++ {
block = append(block, byte(i+1))
}
return block
}

// FingerprintLegacyMD5 returns the user presentation of the key's
// fingerprint as described by RFC 4716 section 4.
func FingerprintLegacyMD5(pubKey PublicKey) string {
Expand Down
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