cmd/compile: reduce PGO profile processing overhead

[prattmic]

Currently, each cmd/compile invocation parses the full PGO pprof profile, builds a full weight graph, and then determines what is relevant to that package. This is a lot of work that scales poorly with the size of the profile and the size of the build (number of packages). For particularly large profiles, this can lead to extremely long build times.

Follow-up to #55022.

cc @cherrymui @aclements

[gopherbot]

Change https://go.dev/cl/464575 mentions this issue: WIP: trim profiles to only include transitive deps

[cherrymui]

#62400 has a prototype that significantly reduce build time overhead for PGO. It is too late to be integrated in for Go 1.22. Bump to Go 1.23.