storage/remote: disable resharding during active retry backoffs

Today, remote_write reshards based on pure throughput. This is
problematic if throughput has been diminished because of HTTP 429s;
increasing the number of shards due to backpressure will only exacerbate
the problem.

This commit disables resharding for twice the retry backoff, ensuring
that resharding will never occur during an active backoff, and that
resharding does not become enabled again until enough time has elapsed
to allow any pending requests to be retried.

Signed-off-by: Robert Fratto <robertfratto@gmail.com>

storage/remote/queue_manager.go

@@ -398,6 +398,7 @@ type WriteClient interface {
 type QueueManager struct {
 	lastSendTimestamp          atomic.Int64
 	buildRequestLimitTimestamp atomic.Int64
+	reshardDisableTimestamp    atomic.Int64
 
 	logger               log.Logger
 	flushDeadline        time.Duration
@@ -574,7 +575,7 @@ func (t *QueueManager) sendMetadataWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, metadata []p
 	retry := func() {
 		t.metrics.retriedMetadataTotal.Add(float64(len(metadata)))
 	}
-	err = sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx, t.cfg, t.logger, attemptStore, retry)
+	err = sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx, t, t.cfg, t.logger, attemptStore, retry)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1021,6 +1022,10 @@ func (t *QueueManager) shouldReshard(desiredShards int) bool {
 		level.Warn(t.logger).Log("msg", "Skipping resharding, last successful send was beyond threshold", "lastSendTimestamp", lsts, "minSendTimestamp", minSendTimestamp)
 		return false
 	}
+	if disableTimestamp := t.reshardDisableTimestamp.Load(); time.Now().Unix() < disableTimestamp {
+		level.Warn(t.logger).Log("msg", "Skipping resharding, resharding is disabled", "disabled_for", time.Until(time.Unix(disableTimestamp, 0)))
+		return false
+	}
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -1622,7 +1627,7 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.Ti
 		s.qm.metrics.retriedHistogramsTotal.Add(float64(histogramCount))
 	}
 
-	err = sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx, s.qm.cfg, s.qm.logger, attemptStore, onRetry)
+	err = sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx, s.qm, s.qm.cfg, s.qm.logger, attemptStore, onRetry)
 	if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 		// When there is resharding, we cancel the context for this queue, which means the data is not sent.
 		// So we exit early to not update the metrics.
@@ -1635,7 +1640,7 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.Ti
 	return err
 }
 
-func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, cfg config.QueueConfig, l log.Logger, attempt func(int) error, onRetry func()) error {
+func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, qm *QueueManager, cfg config.QueueConfig, l log.Logger, attempt func(int) error, onRetry func()) error {
 	backoff := cfg.MinBackoff
 	sleepDuration := model.Duration(0)
 	try := 0
@@ -1668,6 +1673,15 @@ func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, cfg config.QueueConfig, l
 			level.Debug(l).Log("msg", "retry-after cannot be in past, retrying using default backoff mechanism")
 		}
 
+		// We should never reshard for a recoverable error; increasing shards could
+		// make the problem worse, particularly if we're getting rate limited.
+		//
+		// reshardDisableTimestamp holds the unix timestamp until which resharding
+		// is diableld. We'll update that timestamp if the period we were just told
+		// to sleep for is newer than the existing disabled timestamp.
+		reshardWaitPeriod := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(sleepDuration) * 2)
+		setAtomicToNewer(&qm.reshardDisableTimestamp, reshardWaitPeriod.Unix())
+
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 		case <-time.After(time.Duration(sleepDuration)):
@@ -1687,6 +1701,20 @@ func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, cfg config.QueueConfig, l
 	}
 }
 
+// setAtomicToNewer atomically sets a value to the newer uint64 between itself
+// and the provided newValue argument.
+func setAtomicToNewer(value *atomic.Int64, newValue int64) {
+	for {
+		current := value.Load()
+		if current >= newValue {
+			return
+		}
+		if value.CompareAndSwap(current, newValue) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func buildTimeSeries(timeSeries []prompb.TimeSeries, filter func(prompb.TimeSeries) bool) (int64, int64, []prompb.TimeSeries, int, int, int) {
 	var highest int64
 	var lowest int64