xds/internal: provide xDS node ID in control plane errors

[townba]

To fix internal b/364405720 ("Provide xDS node id in control plane errors (Golang)").

RELEASE NOTES: none

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 62.06897% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 82.12%. Comparing base (66ba4b2) to head (a3c0554).
Report is 2 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer.go	55.55%	8 Missing ⚠️
xds/internal/resolver/xds_resolver.go	72.72%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #7909      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   82.04%   82.12%   +0.07%     
==========================================
  Files         377      377              
  Lines       38180    38192      +12     
==========================================
+ Hits        31326    31365      +39     
+ Misses       5551     5532      -19     
+ Partials     1303     1295       -8     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
xds/internal/resolver/xds_resolver.go	79.75% <72.72%> (+0.37%)	⬆️
xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer.go	82.01% <55.55%> (+0.26%)	⬆️

... and 17 files with indirect coverage changes

[dfawley]

Closing until a strategy for logging (etc) node ID is decided.

[townba]

#7931