deps: bump go version to 1.24

[kevinGC]

It's generally useful to have new-and-improved Go. One specific useful feature is b.Loop(), which makes benchmarking easier.

Encountered while working on #8510, as I was using b.Loop() in my benchmarks.

RELEASE NOTES:

• Minimum supported Go version is now 1.24

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.74%. Comparing base (55e8b90) to head (5a59d02).
⚠️ Report is 18 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #8509      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   82.40%   81.74%   -0.66%     
==========================================
  Files         414      413       -1     
  Lines       40531    40525       -6     
==========================================
- Hits        33399    33129     -270     
- Misses       5770     6008     +238     
- Partials     1362     1388      +26     

see 45 files with indirect coverage changes

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[arjan-bal]

Hi @kevinGC, can you also bump the Go versions used for CI tests similar to this change?

[kevinGC]

Thanks for the review. Done.

[arjan-bal]

LGTM, adding a second reviewer.

Just FYI, gRPC Go supports the two most recent major versions of Golang, which aligns with Go's support policy. I'm not sure if it's a coincidence that this PR came just 6 hours after Go 1.25 was released. :)

[dfawley]

(Per: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go?tab=readme-ov-file#prerequisites)