[Snyk] Fix for 10 vulnerabilities

[snyk-bot]

Snyk has created this PR to fix one or more vulnerable packages in the `npm` dependencies of this project.

Changes included in this PR

• Changes to the following files to upgrade the vulnerable dependencies to a fixed version:
  • www/package.json

Vulnerabilities that will be fixed

With an upgrade:

Severity	Priority Score (*)	Issue	Breaking Change	Exploit Maturity
	619/1000 Why? Has a fix available, CVSS 8.1	Prototype Pollution SNYK-JS-AJV-584908	Yes	No Known Exploit
	616/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 5.9	Prototype Pollution SNYK-JS-ALGOLIASEARCHHELPER-1570421	Yes	Proof of Concept
	696/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 7.5	Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) SNYK-JS-ANSIREGEX-1583908	Yes	Proof of Concept
	586/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 5.3	Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) SNYK-JS-BROWSERSLIST-1090194	Yes	Proof of Concept
	586/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 5.3	Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) SNYK-JS-COLORSTRING-1082939	Yes	Proof of Concept
	636/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 6.3	Arbitrary File Write via Archive Extraction (Zip Slip) SNYK-JS-DECOMPRESS-557358	Yes	Proof of Concept
	601/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 5.6	Prototype Pollution SNYK-JS-YARGSPARSER-560381	Yes	Proof of Concept
	506/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 3.7	Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) npm:braces:20180219	Yes	Proof of Concept
	469/1000 Why? Has a fix available, CVSS 5.1	Denial of Service (DoS) npm:mem:20180117	Yes	No Known Exploit
	576/1000 Why? Proof of Concept exploit, Has a fix available, CVSS 5.1	Uninitialized Memory Exposure npm:tunnel-agent:20170305	Yes	Proof of Concept

(*) Note that the real score may have changed since the PR was raised.

Check the changes in this PR to ensure they won't cause issues with your project.

---

Note: You are seeing this because you or someone else with access to this repository has authorized Snyk to open fix PRs.

For more information:
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📚 Read more about Snyk's upgrade and patch logic

---

Learn how to fix vulnerabilities with free interactive lessons:

🦉 Prototype Pollution
🦉 Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS)

[secure-code-warrior-for-github]

Micro-Learning Topic: Regular expression denial of service (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "Regular Expression Denial of Service"

What is this? (2min video)

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks caused by Regular Expression which causes the system to hang or cause them to work very slowly when attacker sends a well-crafted input(exponentially related to input size).Denial of service attacks significantly degrade the service quality experienced by legitimate users. These attacks introduce large response delays, excessive losses, and service interruptions, resulting in direct impact on availability.

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Micro-Learning Topic: Denial of service (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "Denial of Service"

The Denial of Service (DoS) attack is focused on making a resource (site, application, server) unavailable for the purpose it was designed. There are many ways to make a service unavailable for legitimate users by manipulating network packets, programming, logical, or resources handling vulnerabilities, among others. Source: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Denial_of_Service

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Micro-Learning Topic: Prototype pollution (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "Prototype Pollution"

What is this? (2min video)

By adding or modifying attributes of an object prototype, it is possible to create attributes that exist on every object, or replace critical attributes with malicious ones. This can be problematic if the software depends on existence or non-existence of certain attributes, or uses pre-defined attributes of object prototype (such as hasOwnProperty, toString or valueOf).

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[secureflag-knowledge-base]

Prototype Pollution

Play Labs on this vulnerability with SecureFlag!

Start Prototype Pollution Lab

Description

The problem lies with the manner in which JavaScript implements inheritance by using a prototype. What this means, in a nutshell, is that every object contains a reference to the prototype of its class. When a property is requested from a particular object, the runtime first checks if the instance has the aforementioned property; otherwise, it looks it up in the prototype chain, recursively.

The reference to the prototype is available via the __proto__ property. The fact that the prototype itself is just an object that has properties makes the whole structure susceptible to unwanted alteration when properties have been assigned from any untrusted input.

Read more

Impact

The impact of Prototype Pollution is ultimately determined by the sensitivity and criticality of the data ingested by the application. It is not a vulnerability that is dangerous per se; rather, it all depends on how the application uses such untrusted properties. In other words, it merely alters the program data and flow.

Scenario 1

The following example considers an object (in a JavaScript console):

> o = {x: 123, __proto__: {toString: () => console.log('Triggered!')}}
{ x: 123 }
> o + ''
Triggered!
'undefined'

We have created an object with its own prototype that redefines the toString property.

While this is important, it is unlikely that some kind of injection (e.g., an injection via GET parameters, cookies, etc.) ends up creating a JavaScript function (() => console.log('Triggered!') in the above example unless the application uses eval or some other mechanism. Instead, it is likely that an attacker is able to place strings, numbers, an array, or objects.

In this case, there is no direct code execution, and the impact is merely that of adding another property to the object; since we are already injecting __proto__ itself, this is not particularly interesting. It could still be possible to introduce a denial of service by overwriting some methods with non-function values, for example {toString: 123}.

Scenario 2

In this case, however, the application allows the alteration of an existing prototype. Consider the following:

const someObject = {};
const someOtherObject = {};

// ...

someObject[UNTRUSTED_NAME_1][UNTRUSTED_NAME_2] = UNTRUSTED_VALUE;

// ...

if (someOtherObject.isAdminEnabled) {
    // do some sensitive stuff
}

Being able to control UNTRUSTED_NAME_1, UNTRUSTED_NAME_2 and UNTRUSTED_VALUE can be used to alter the prototype of all the other objects (not only someObject) with the ultimate effect of setting someOtherObject.isAdminEnabled to true. Specifically, using these values:

UNTRUSTED_NAME_1 = '__proto__';
UNTRUSTED_NAME_2 = 'isAdminEnabled';
UNTRUSTED_VALUE = 'whatever truthy';

Prevention

There are different approaches to preventing Prototype Pollution, the most trivial of which is to disallow untrusted data being assigned to arbitrary properties altogether. If this is not possible, developers might implement some filtering so that it is not possible to overwrite __proto__ or other special properties of an object.

Testing

Verify that the application protects against JavaScript injection attacks, including for eval attacks, remote JavaScript includes, DOM XSS, and JavaScript expression evaluation.

• OWASP ASVS: 5.3.6
• OWASP Testing Guide: Testing for JavaScript Execution

References

The Daily Swig - Prototype pollution: The dangerous and underrated vulnerability impacting JavaScript applications

Medium - What is Prototype Pollution and why is it such a big deal?

View this in the SecureFlag Knowledge Base

[secure-code-warrior-for-github]

Micro-Learning Topic: DOM-based cross-site scripting (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "DOM XSS"

What is this? (2min video)

DOM-based cross-site scripting vulnerabilities occur when unescaped input is processed by client-side script and insecurely written into the page Document Object Model (DOM). This will result in immediate changes to the page, potentially without any call to the server. When HTML or script is included in the input, it will be processed by a user's browser as HTML or script and can alter the appearance of the page or execute malicious scripts in their user context.

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Micro-Learning Topic: Injection attack (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "injection attack"

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization. Source: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project

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Helpful references

• OWASP Top Ten 2021 A03: Injection - OWASP Top Ten articles provide basic techniques to protect against these high risk problem areas, and guidance on where to go next.
• OWASP Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet in Java - This article is focused on providing clear, simple, actionable guidance for preventing injection flaws in your Java applications.
• OWASP Input Validation Cheat Sheet - This cheatsheet is focused on providing clear, simple, actionable guidance for preventing injection and input validation flaws in your applications.
• OWASP Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet - This article is focused on providing clear, simple, actionable guidance for preventing injection flaws in your applications.
• OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2018 C5: Validate All Inputs - Detailed article on input validation as a programming technique for ensuring that only properly formatted data may enter a software system component.

Micro-Learning Topic: Cross-site scripting (Detected by phrase)

Matched on "XSS"

What is this? (2min video)

Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities occur when unescaped input is rendered into a page displayed to the user. When HTML or script is included in the input, it will be processed by a user's browser as HTML or script and can alter the appearance of the page or execute malicious scripts in their user context.

Try a challenge in Secure Code Warrior

Helpful references

• Prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in ASP.NET Core - A detailed Microsoft article on how to prevent cross-site scripting in ASP.NET Core.
• OWASP Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Software Attack - OWASP community page with comprehensive information about cross site scripting, and links to various OWASP resources to help detect or prevent it.
• OWASP Cross Site Scripting Prevention Cheat Sheet - This article provides a simple positive model for preventing XSS using output encoding properly.