Backport of [NET-5944] security: Upgrade Go and x/net into release/1.2.x

[hc-github-team-consul-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #3085 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.2.x.

🚨

Warning automatic cherry-pick of commits failed. If the first commit failed,
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The person who merged in the original PR is:
@zalimeni
This person should manually cherry-pick the original PR into a new backport PR,
and close this one when the manual backport PR is merged in.

merge conflict error: POST https://api.github.com/repos/hashicorp/consul-k8s/merges: 409 Merge conflict []

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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Upgrade to Go 1.20.10 and x/net 1.17.0 to resolve CVE-2023-39325
/ CVE-2023-44487.

See hashicorp/consul#19225 for detailed links.

Change will be backported to all (1.0.x-1.2.x) release branches with future releases scheduled. This will likely also be a manual backport to 1.3.0 GA and 1.3.x depending on branch cut timing.

How I've tested this PR: tests continue to pass

How I expect reviewers to test this PR: 👀

Checklist:

• Tests added
• CHANGELOG entry added

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Overview of commits

• 183afe9

[hashicorp-cla]

All committers have signed the CLA.