Updates

04/15/2021:

1. V2C-QA version update Training/Testing split annotation files as reported in the paper (5,555 unique answer sets). Unfortunately, we don't yet plan to release V2C-QA code.
2. Updated with re-implemented baselines for V2C-completion task, architectural file and their pre-trained checkpoints (see files in ./other). Note that some new baseline numbers are different with previously reoprted due to in-consistent dataset version and re-implementions. While the V2C-transformer results remain mostly the same.
3. We now remove the PPL score as official metric in Arxiv draft as we find it is controvertial to use only 5-GT CMS per caption as the PPL corpus for probability computation. But PPL can still be used for relative performance comparison.

01/05/2021:
Note: This implementation was complemented on PyTorch-1.1.0, there was reported some errors if newer version PyToch.

V2C: Understanding the Video by Enriching Captions with Commonsense Knowledge.

Introduction

This repository contains source code for our EMNLP-20 Long paper: Video2Commonsense: Generating Commonsense Descriptions to Enrich Video Captioning. We present the first work on generating commonsense captions directly from videos, to describe latent aspects such as intentions, effects, and attributes. We present a new dataset “Video-to-Commonsense (V2C)” that contains ∼ 9k videos of human agents performing various actions, annotated with 3 types of commonsense descriptions. For more demos, information about this project, see the V2C Website.

Task Overview

Given the off-the-shelf video representations V, traditional video captioning task aims to produce the textual descriptions T. In addition to just generate the factual aspects of the observable videos, V2C aims to produce the hidden commonsense knowledge C, along with the captions. This is possible because of our curated V2C dataset originated from MSR-VTT video captioning dataset, by further labeling the complementary commonsense aspects per caption (i.e., intentions, future effects and attributes of the person). V2C proves that, when provided proper annotations, data-driven model is able to infer out the plausible pre-conditions or expected results of certain human activities. This provides a novel yet un-investigated perspective for video understanding challenges.

We identified 3 tasks in V2C, namely:

V2C-Completion, given video V and ground-truth caption T, produce C.

V2C-Generation, given video V, produce caption T along with C.

V2C-QA, given video V and a textual question Q, predict the answers as a VQA task.

This repo provides only the implementations for V2C-Completion and V2C-generation task. Please contact Jacob (zfang29@asu.edu) for captioning related questions.

V2C-QA task is formulated as a 5,555-way classification task. Please contact Tejas Gokhale (tgokhale@asu.edu) and Pratyay Benerjee (pbanerj6@asu.edu) for V2C-QA related questions.

V2C Dataset

We released the V2C dataset in V2C_annotations.zip, which consists:

V2C_annotations.zip
├── msrvtt_new_info.json                      # MSR-VTT captions and token dictionary.
├── v2c_info.json                             # V2C Raw, captions/CMS, and token dictionary.
├── V2C_MSR-VTT_caption.json                  # V2C Raw, captions/CMS after tokenization.
├── train_cvpr_humanRank_V2C_caption.json     # a human re-verified clean split for V2C annotations.
├── v2cqa_train.json                          # train split for V2C QA, consisting captions, CMS, and CMS related questions/answers.
└── v2cqa_test.json                           # test split for V2C QA.

Note: We use V2C raw split for V2C-Completion task and auto-evaluations; We provide a small scale but human re-verified V2C anntations (see above) with less noises for future video retrieval, human evaluation, or other related tasks;

Video Features

We use the most naive ResNet-152 frame-wise video representations from MSR-VTT dataset.

NOTE: By using more advanced video features, e.g., I3D or S3D can yield obvious performance boost but is not the objective for this work. Similarly, we suggest users to apply ``self-criti'' strategy after first-round training for better CIDER performances.

Architecture

Training and Testing

Before the training on V2C-completion task, organize the working directory as follows using previous features/annotations:

Video2CommonsenseBaseline
├── data                      
│   ├── feats
│   │   ├── resnet152
│   ├── msrvtt_new_info.json                     
│   ├── v2c_info.json                             
│   ├── V2C_MSR-VTT_caption.json                  
│   ├── train_cvpr_humanRank_V2C_caption.json     
│   └── v2cqa_v1_train.json                       
├── model
├── save                                          # for log/checkpoint output
├── pycocoevalcap                                 # COCO official evaluation scripts
├── others                                        # Files related to baseline models.
├── utils
├── train.py  
├── opts.py     
└── test.py                      

E.g., to initiate a training on intention prediction tasks (set --cms 'int'), with 1 RNN video encoder layer, and 6 transformer decoder layers with 8 attention heads, 64 head dim, and 1024 model dim, for 600 epochs under CUDA mode, and shows intermedia generation examples:

python train.py --cms 'int' --batch_size 128 --epochs 600 --num_layer 6 --dim_head 64 --dim_inner 1024 --num_head 8 --dim_vis_feat 2048 --dropout 0.1 --rnn_layer 1 --checkpoint_path ./save --info_json data/v2c_info.json --caption_json data/V2C_MSR-VTT_caption.json --print_loss_every 20 --cuda --show_predict 

For evaluations:

python test.py  --cms 'int' --batch_size 64 --num_layer 6 --dim_head 64 --dim_inner 1024 --num_head 8 --dim_vis_feat 2048 --dropout 0.1 --rnn_layer 1 --checkpoint_path ./save --info_json data/v2c_info.json --caption_json data/V2C_MSR-VTT_caption.json --load_checkpoint save/XX/XX.pth --cuda 

For time efficiency, we just used 1 caption per video during testing, but find close results when applied 10*3k video-caption pairs. Optimum parameters are to be decided after grid searching, but for the numbers in paper and pre-trained models:

Model Zoo

Download MODEL_ZOO.zip for the trained captioning models for intention, effects and attributes generations. Note: a new ``effect'' generation checkpoint is attached in the table link.

To reproduce the number in paper:

python test.py  --cms 'int' --batch_size 64 --num_layer 6 --dim_head 64 --dim_inner 1024 --num_head 8 --dim_vis_feat 2048 --dropout 0.1 --rnn_layer 1 --checkpoint_path ./save --info_json data/v2c_info.json --caption_json data/V2C_MSR-VTT_caption.json --load_checkpoint save/model_cap-int.pth --cuda 

Quantitative Results for V2C-completion

Attribute	Model	CIDER	B1	B2	B3	B4	METEOR	ROUGE-L
URL	Attention + Video2Text	-	36.5	-	-	-	-	-
URL	Transformer Encoder + Decoder	-	40.7	-	-	-	-	-
URL	Video CMS Transformer	-	47.3	-	-	-	-	-

Effect	Model	CIDER	B1	B2	B3	B4	METEOR	ROUGE-L
URL	Attention + Video2Text	18.5	27.7	16.9	13.3	11.5	16.0	23.9
URL	Transformer Encoder + Decoder	37.7	35.3	26.6	23.2	21.0	21.4	31.1
URL	Video CMS Transformer	40.8	36.5	28.1	24.6	22.4	22.2	32.3

Intention	Model	CIDER	B1	B2	B3	B4	METEOR	ROUGE-L
URL	Attention + Video2Text	23.2	54.3	40.0	27.4	24.7	19.4	45.6
URL	Transformer Encoder + Decoder	57.4	58.3	45.7	36.3	31.1	27.4	53.2
URL	Video CMS Transformer	62.0	60.8	48.4	39.1	34.1	28.5	54.6

Citations

Please consider citing this paper if you find it helpful:

@inproceedings{fang-etal-2020-video2commonsense,
    title = "{V}ideo2{C}ommonsense: Generating Commonsense Descriptions to Enrich Video Captioning",
    author = "Fang, Zhiyuan  and
      Gokhale, Tejas  and
      Banerjee, Pratyay  and
      Baral, Chitta  and
      Yang, Yezhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.emnlp-main.61",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.61",
    pages = "840--860",
}

License

V2C is released under the MIT license.