Finalise support for Numpy 2.0

This commit brings the Qiskit test suite to a passing state (with all
optionals installed) with Numpy 2.0.0b1, building on previous commits
that handled much of the rest of the changing requirements:

- Qiskitgh-10890
- Qiskitgh-10891
- Qiskitgh-10892
- Qiskitgh-10897
- Qiskitgh-11023

Notably, this commit did not actually require a rebuild of Qiskit,
despite us compiling against Numpy; it seems to happen that the C API
stuff we use via `rust-numpy` (which loads the Numpy C extensions
dynamically during module initialisation) hasn't changed.

The main changes are:

- adapting to the changed `copy=None` and `copy=False` semantics in
  `array` and `asarray`.
- making sure all our implementers of `__array__` accept both `dtype`
  and `copy` arguments.

Co-authored-by: Lev S. Bishop <18673315+levbishop@users.noreply.github.com>

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/clifford.py

@@ -165,8 +165,17 @@ def __init__(self, data, validate=True, copy=True):
 
         # Initialize StabilizerTable directly from the data
         else:
-            if isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray)) and np.asarray(data, dtype=bool).ndim == 2:
-                data = np.array(data, dtype=bool, copy=copy)
+            if (
+                isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray))
+                and (data_asarray := np.asarray(data, dtype=bool)).ndim == 2
+            ):
+                # This little dance is to avoid Numpy 1/2 incompatiblities between the availability
+                # and meaning of the 'copy' argument in 'array' and 'asarray', when the input needs
+                # its dtype converting.  'asarray' prefers to return 'self' if possible in both.
+                if copy and np.may_share_memory(data, data_asarray):
+                    data = data_asarray.copy()
+                else:
+                    data = data_asarray
                 if data.shape[0] == data.shape[1]:
                     self.tableau = self._stack_table_phase(
                         data, np.zeros(data.shape[0], dtype=bool)

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/sparse_pauli_op.py

@@ -144,7 +144,12 @@ def __init__(
         if coeffs is None:
             coeffs = np.ones(pauli_list.size, dtype=complex)
         else:
-            coeffs = np.array(coeffs, copy=copy, dtype=dtype)
+            coeffs_asarray = np.asarray(coeffs, dtype=dtype)
+            coeffs = (
+                coeffs_asarray.copy()
+                if copy and np.may_share_memory(coeffs, coeffs_asarray)
+                else coeffs_asarray
+            )
 
         if ignore_pauli_phase:
             # Fast path used in copy operations, where the phase of the PauliList is already known

qiskit/visualization/array.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _num_to_latex(raw_value, decimals=15, first_term=True, coefficient=False):
     """
     import sympy  # runtime import
 
-    raw_value = np.around(raw_value, decimals=decimals)
+    raw_value = np.around(raw_value, decimals=decimals).item()
     value = sympy.nsimplify(raw_value, rational=False)
 
     if isinstance(value, sympy.core.numbers.Rational) and value.denominator > 50:

releasenotes/notes/numpy-2.0-2f3e35bd42c48518.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+features:
+  - |
+    This release of Qiskit finalizes support for NumPy 2.0.  Qiskit will continue to support both
+    Numpy 1.x and 2.x for the foreseeable future.

requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 rustworkx>=0.13.0
-numpy>=1.17,<2
+numpy>=1.17,<3
 ply>=3.10
 psutil>=5
 scipy>=1.5
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ dill>=0.3
 python-dateutil>=2.8.0
 stevedore>=3.0.0
 typing-extensions; python_version<'3.11'
-symengine>=0.11; platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64' or platform_machine == 'ppc64le' or platform_machine == 'amd64' or platform_machine == 'arm64'
+symengine>=0.11; platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64' or platform_machine == 'ppc64le' or platform_machine == 'amd64' or platform_machine == 'arm64'