Pipework: Software-Defined Networking for Linux Containers

Pipework lets you connect together containers in arbitrarily complex scenarios.

If you use VirtualBox, you will have to update your VM network settings. Open the settings panel for the VM, go the the "Network" tab, pull down the "Advanced" settings. Here, the "Adapter Type" should be pcnet (the full name is something like "PCnet-FAST III"), instead of the default e1000 (Intel PRO/1000). Also, "Promiscuous Mode" should be set to "Allow All". If you don't do that, bridged containers won't work, because the virtual NIC will filter out all packets with a different MAC address. If you are running VirtualBox in headless mode, the command line equivalent of the above is modifyvm --nicpromisc1 allow-all. If you are using Vagrant, you can add the following to the config for the same effect:

config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |v|
  v.customize ['modifyvm', :id, '--nicpromisc1', 'allow-all']
end

Docker users: read this!

Pipework works with "plain" LXC containers (created with lxc-start), and therefore, it also works with the awesome Docker.

Before using Pipework, please ask on the docker-user mailing list if there is a "native" way to achieve what you want to do without Pipework.

In the long run, Docker will allow complex scenarios, and Pipework should become obsolete.

If there is really no other way to plumb your containers together with the current version of Docker, then okay, let's see how we can help you!

The following examples show what Pipework can do for you and your containers.

LAMP stack with a private network between the MySQL and Apache containers

Let's create two containers, running the web tier and the database tier:

APACHE=$(docker run -d apache /usr/sbin/httpd -D FOREGROUND)
MYSQL=$(docker run -d mysql /usr/sbin/mysqld_safe)

Now, bring superpowers to the web tier:

pipework br1 $APACHE 192.168.1.1/24

This will:

• create a bridge named br1 in the docker host;
• add an interface named eth1 to the $APACHE container;
• assign IP address 192.168.1.1 to this interface,
• connect said interface to br1.

Now (drum roll), let's do this:

pipework br1 $MYSQL 192.168.1.2/24

This will:

• not create a bridge named br1, since it already exists;
• add an interface named eth1 to the $MYSQL container;
• assign IP address 192.168.1.2 to this interface,
• connect said interface to br1.

Now, both containers can ping each other on the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet.

Docker integration

Pipework can resolve Docker containers names. If the container ID that you gave to Pipework cannot be found, Pipework will try to resolve it with docker inspect. This makes it even simpler to use:

docker run -name web1 -d apache
pipework br1 web1 192.168.12.23/24

Peeking inside the private network

Want to connect to those containers using their private addresses? Easy:

ip addr add 192.168.1.254/24 dev br1

Voilà!

Setting container internal interface

By default pipework creates a new interface eth1 inside the container. In case you want to change this interface name like eth2, e.g., to have more than one interface set by pipework, use:

pipework br1 -i eth2 ...

Using a different netmask

The IP addresses given to pipework are directly passed to the ip addr tool; so you can append a subnet size using traditional CIDR notation.

I.e.:

pipework br1 $CONTAINERID 192.168.4.25/20

Don't forget that all containers should use the same subnet size; pipework is not clever enough to use your specified subnet size for the first container, and retain it to use it for the other containers.

Setting a default gateway

If you want outbound traffic (i.e. when the containers connects to the outside world) to go through the interface managed by Pipework, you need to change the default route of the container.

This can be useful in some usecases, like traffic shaping, or if you want the container to use a specific outbound IP address.

This can be automated by Pipework, by adding the gateway address after the IP address and subnet mask:

pipework br1 $CONTAINERID 192.168.4.25/20@192.168.4.1

Connect a container to a local physical interface

Let's pretend that you want to run two Hipache instances, listening on real interfaces eth2 and eth3, using specific (public) IP addresses. Easy!

pipework eth2 $(docker run -d hipache /usr/sbin/hipache) 50.19.169.157
pipework eth3 $(docker run -d hipache /usr/sbin/hipache) 107.22.140.5

Note that this will use macvlan subinterfaces, so you can actually put multiple containers on the same physical interface.

Let the Docker host communicate over macvlan interfaces

If you use macvlan interfaces as shown in the previous paragraph, you will notice that the host will not be able to reach the containers over their macvlan interfaces. This is because traffic going in and out of macvlan interfaces is segregated from the "root" interface.

If you want to enable that kind of communication, no problem: just create a macvlan interface in your host, and move the IP address from the "normal" interface to the macvlan interface.

For instance, on a machine where eth0 is the main interface, and has address 10.1.1.123/24, with gateway 10.1.1.254, you would do this:

ip addr del 10.1.1.123/24 dev eth0
ip link add link eth0 dev eth0m type macvlan mode bridge
ip link set eth0m up
ip addr add 10.1.1.123/24 dev eth0m

Then, you would start a container and assign it a macvlan interface the usual way:

CID=$(docker run -d ...)
pipework eth0 $CID 10.1.1.234/24@10.1.1.254

Wait for the network to be ready

Sometimes, you want the extra network interface to be up and running before starting your service. A dirty (and unreliable) solution would be to add a sleep command before starting your service; but that could break in "interesting" ways if the server happens to be a bit slower at one point.

There is a better option: add the pipework script to your Docker image, and before starting the service, call pipework --wait. It will wait until the eth1 interface is present and in UP operational state, then exit gracefully.

Add the interface without an IP address

If for some reason you want to set the IP address from within the container, you can use 0/0 as the IP address. The interface will be created, connected to the network, and assigned to the container, but without configuring an IP address:

pipework br1 $CONTAINERID 0/0

DHCP

You can use DHCP to obtain the IP address of the new interface. Just specify dhcp instead of an IP address; for instance:

pipework eth1 $CONTAINERID dhcp

You need three things for this to work correctly:

• obviously, a DHCP server (in the example above, a DHCP server should be listening on the network to which we are connected on eth1);
• the udhcpc DHCP client must be installed on your Docker host (you don't have to install it in your containers, but it must be present on the host);
• the underlying network must support bridged frames.

The last item might be particularly relevant if you are trying to bridge your containers with a WPA-protected WiFi network. I'm not 100% sure about this, but I think that the WiFi access point will drop frames originating from unknown MAC addresses; meaning that you have to go through extra hoops if you want it to work properly.

It works fine on plain old wired Ethernet, though.

Specify a custom MAC address

If you need to specify the MAC address to be used (either by the macvlan subinterface, or the veth interface), no problem. Just add it as the command-line, as the last argument:

pipework eth0 $(docker run -d haproxy) 192.168.1.2 26:2e:71:98:60:8f

This can be useful if your network environment requires whitelisting your hardware addresses (some hosting providers do that), or if you want to obtain a specific address from your DHCP server. Also, some projects like Orchestrator rely on static MAC-IPv6 bindings for DHCPv6:

pipework br0 $(docker run -d zerorpcworker) dhcp fa:de:b0:99:52:1c

Note: if you generate your own MAC addresses, try remember those two simple rules:

• the lowest bit of the first byte should be 0, otherwise, you are defining a multicast address;
• the second lowest bit of the first byte should be 1, otherwise, you are using a globally unique (OUI enforced) address.

In other words, if your MAC address is ?X:??:??:??:??:??, X should be 2, 6, a, or e. You can check Wikipedia if you want even more details.

Support Open vSwitch

If you want to attach a container to the Open vSwitch bridge, no problem.

ovs-vsctl list-br
ovsbr0
pipework ovsbr0 $(docker run -d mysql /usr/sbin/mysqld_safe) 192.168.1.2/24

Cleanup

When a container is terminated (the last process of the net namespace exits), the network interfaces are garbage collected. The interface in the container is automatically destroyed, and the interface in the docker host (part of the bridge) is then destroyed as well.