talent_scout

Model-backed searches in Rails. A whiz-bang example:

## app/searches/post_search.rb

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :title_includes do |string|
    where("title LIKE ?", "%#{string}%")
  end

  criteria :within, choices: {
    "Last 24 hours" => 24.hours,
    "Past Week" => 1.week,
    "Past Month" => 1.month,
    "Past Year" => 1.year,
  } do |duration|
    where("created_at >= ?", duration.ago)
  end

  criteria :only_published, :boolean, default: true do |only|
    where("published") if only
  end

  order :created_at, default: :desc
  order :title
end

## app/controllers/posts_controller.rb

class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def index
    @search = model_search
    @posts = @search.results
  end
end

<!-- app/views/posts/index.html.erb -->

<%= form_with model: @search, local: true, method: :get do |form| %>
  <%= form.label :title_includes %>
  <%= form.text_field :title_includes %>

  <%= form.label :within %>
  <%= form.select :within, @search.each_choice(:within), include_blank: true %>

  <%= form.label :only_published %>
  <%= form.check_box :only_published %>

  <%= form.submit %>
<% end %>

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>
        <%= link_to_search "Title", @search.toggle_order(:title) %>
        <%= img_tag "#{@search.order_directions[:title] || "unsorted"}_icon.png" %>
      </th>
      <th>
        <%= link_to_search "Time", @search.toggle_order(:created_at) %>
        <%= img_tag "#{@search.order_directions[:created_at] || "unsorted"}_icon.png" %>
      </th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <% @posts.each do |post| %>
      <tr>
        <td><%= link_to post.title, post %></td>
        <td><%= post.created_at %></td>
      </tr>
    <% end %>
  </tbody>
</table>

In the above example:

• The PostSearch class handles the responsibility of searching for Post models. It can apply any combination of its defined criteria, automatically ignoring missing, blank, or invalid input values. It can also order the results by one of its defined orders, in either ascending or descending direction.
• PostsController#index uses the model_search helper to construct a PostSearch instance, and assigns it to the @search variable for later use in the view. The search results are also assigned to a variable for use in the view.
• The view uses Rails' stock form builder to build a search form with the @search variable. The link_to_search helper is used to create links in the table header which sort the results. Note that the toggle_order method used here returns a new search object, leaving @search unmodified.

For a detailed explanation of the methods used in this example, see the API documentation.

Search Classes

You can use the talent_scout:search generator to generate a model search class definition. For example,

$ rails generate talent_scout:search post

Will generate a file "app/searches/post_search.rb" containing:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
end

Search classes inherit from TalentScout::ModelSearch. Their target model class is inferred from the search class name. For example, PostSearch will search for Post models by default. To override this inference, use ModelSearch::model_class=:

class EmployeeSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  self.model_class = Person # search for Person models instead of `Employee`
end

Criteria

Search criteria are defined with the ModelSearch::criteria method. Criteria definitions can be specified in one of three ways: with an implicit where clause, with an explicit query block, or with a model scope reference. To illustrate, the following three :title criteria are all equivalent:

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  scope :title_equals, ->(string){ where(title: string) }
end

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :title

  criteria :title do |string|
    where(title: string)
  end

  criteria :title, &:title_equals
end

Note that explicit query blocks are evaluated in the context of the model's ActiveRecord::Relation, just like Active Record scope blocks are.

Criteria Type

A criteria definition can specify a data type, which causes its input value to be typecast before being passed to the query block or scope. As an example:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :created_on, :date do |date|
    where(created_at: date.beginning_of_day..date.end_of_day)
  end
end

PostSearch.new(created_on: "Dec 31, 1999")

Here, the string "Dec 31, 1999" passed to the PostSearch constructor is typecast to a Date before being passed to the query block.

The default criteria type is :string, which means, by default, all input values will be cast to strings. This default (as opposed to a default of no typecasting) ensures consistent behavior no matter how the search object is constructed, whether from strongly-typed values or from search form request params.

Available criteria types are the same as for Active Model attributes: :big_integer, :boolean, :date, :datetime, :decimal, :float, :integer, :string, :time, plus any custom types you define.

An additional convenience type is also available: :void. The :void type typecasts like :boolean, but prevents the criteria from being applied when the typecasted value is falsey. For example:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :only_edited, :void do
    where("modified_at > created_at")
  end
end

# The following will apply `only_edited`:
PostSearch.new(only_edited: true)
PostSearch.new(only_edited: "1")

# The following will skip `only_edited`:
PostSearch.new(only_edited: false)
PostSearch.new(only_edited: "0")
PostSearch.new(only_edited: "")

Criteria Choices

Instead of specifying a type, a criteria definition may specify choices. Choices define a set of values which can be passed to the query block.

Choices can either be specified as an Array of human-friendly values:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :category, choices: %w[Science Tech Engineering Math] do |name|
    where(category: name.downcase)
  end
end

...Or as a Hash with human-friendly keys:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :within, choices: {
    "Last 24 hours" => 24.hours,
    "Past Week" => 1.week,
    "Past Month" => 1.month,
    "Past Year" => 1.year,
  } do |duration|
    where("created_at >= ?", duration.ago)
  end
end

The value passed to the query block will be one of the values in the Array or one of the values in the Hash. The search object may be constructed with any of the Array values or Hash keys or Hash values:

PostSearch.new(category: "Math")
PostSearch.new(within: "Last 24 hours")
PostSearch.new(within: 24.hours)

But if an invalid choice is specified, the corresponding criteria will not be applied:

# The following will skip the criteria, but will not raise an error:
PostSearch.new(category: "Marketing")
PostSearch.new(within: 12.hours)

Criteria Default Value

A criteria definition can specify a default value, which will be passed to the query block when the input value is missing. Default values will also appear in search forms.

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :within_days, :integer, default: 7 do |num|
    where("created_at >= ?", num.days.ago)
  end
end

# The following are equivalent:
PostSearch.new()
PostSearch.new(within_days: 7)

Criteria Resolution

A criteria will not be applied if any of the following are true:

• The criteria input value is missing, and no default value has been specified.

• The search object was constructed with an ActionController::Parameters (instead of a Hash), and the criteria input value is blank?, and no default value has been specified. (This behavior prevents empty search form fields from affecting search results.)

• The typecast of the criteria input value fails. For example:

  class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
    criteria :created_on, :date do |date|
      where(created_at: date.beginning_of_day..date.end_of_day)
    end
  end
  
  # The following will skip `created_on`, but will not raise an error:
  PostSearch.new(created_on: "BAD")

• The criteria definition specifies type :void, and the typecasted input value is falsey.

• The criteria definition specifies choices, and the input value is not a valid choice.

• The criteria query block returns nil. For example:

  class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
    criteria :minimum_upvotes, :integer do |minimum|
      where("upvotes >= ?", minimum) unless minimum <= 0
    end
  end
  
  # The following will skip the `minimum_upvotes` where clause:
  PostSearch.new(minimum_upvotes: 0)

Orders

Search result orders are defined with the ModelSearch::order method:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :created_at
  order :title
  order :category
end

PostSearch.new(order: :created_at)
PostSearch.new(order: :title)
PostSearch.new(order: :category)

Only one order can be applied at a time, but an order can comprise multiple columns:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :category, [:category, :title]
end

# The following will order by "category, title":
PostSearch.new(order: :category)

This restricted design was chosen because it allows curated multi-column sorts with simpler single-column sorting UIs, and because it prevents ad-hoc multi-column sorts that may not be backed by a database index.

Order Direction

An order can be applied in ascending or descending direction. The ModelSearch#toggle_order method will apply an order in ascending direction, or will change an applied order direction from ascending to descending:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :created_at
  order :title
end

# The following will order by "title":
PostSearch.new().toggle_order(:title)
PostSearch.new(order: :created_at).toggle_order(:title)

# The following will order by "title DESC":
PostSearch.new(order: :title).toggle_order(:title)

Note that the toggle_order method does not modify the existing search object. Instead, it builds a new search object with the new order and the criteria values of the previous search object.

When a multi-column order is applied in descending direction, all columns are affected:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :category, [:category, :title]
end

# The following will order by "category DESC, title DESC":
PostSearch.new(order: :category).toggle_order(:category)

To circumvent this behavior and instead fix a column in a static direction, append " ASC" or " DESC" to the column name:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :category, [:category, "created_at ASC"]
end

# The following will order by "category, created_at ASC":
PostSearch.new(order: :category)

# The following will order by "category DESC, created_at ASC":
PostSearch.new(order: :category).toggle_order(:category)

Order Direction Suffixes

An order can be applied in ascending or descending direction directly, without using toggle_order, by appending an appropriate suffix:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :title
end

# The following will order by "title":
PostSearch.new(order: :title)
PostSearch.new(order: "title.asc")

# The following will order by "title DESC":
PostSearch.new(order: "title.desc")

The default suffixes, as seen in the above example, are ".asc" and ".desc". These were chosen for their I18n-friendliness. They can be overridden as part of the order definition:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order "Title", [:title], asc_suffix: " (A-Z)", desc_suffix: " (Z-A)"
end

# The following will order by "title":
PostSearch.new(order: "Title")
PostSearch.new(order: "Title (A-Z)")

# The following will order by "title DESC":
PostSearch.new(order: "Title (Z-A)")

Default Order

An order can be designated as the default order, which will cause that order to be applied when no order is otherwise specified:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order :created_at, default: :desc
  order :title
end

# The following will order by "created_at DESC":
PostSearch.new()

# The following will order by "created_at":
PostSearch.new(order: :created_at)

# The following will order by "title":
PostSearch.new(order: :title)

Note that the default order direction can be either ascending or descending by specifing default: :asc or default: :desc, respectively. Also, just as only one order can be applied at a time, only one order can be designated default.

Default Scope

A default search scope can be defined with ModelSearch::default_scope:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  default_scope { where(published: true) }
end

The default scope will be applied regardless of the criteria or order input values.

Controllers

Controllers can use the model_search helper method to construct a search object with the current request's query params:

class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def index
    @search = model_search
    @posts = @search.results
  end
end

In the above example, model_search constructs a PostSearch object. The model search class is automatically derived from the controller class name. To override the model search class, use ::model_search_class=:

class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
  self.model_search_class = PersonSearch

  def index
    @search = model_search # will construct PersonSearch instead of `EmployeeSearch`
    @employees = @search.results
  end
end

In these examples, the search object is stored in @search for use in the view. Note that @search.results returns an ActiveRecord::Relation, so any additional scoping, such as pagination, can be applied.

Search Forms

Search forms can be rendered using Rails' form builder and a search object:

<%= form_with model: @search, local: true, method: :get do |form| %>
  <%= form.label :title_includes %>
  <%= form.text_field :title_includes %>

  <%= form.label :created_on %>
  <%= form.date_field :created_on %>

  <%= form.label :only_published %>
  <%= form.check_box :only_published %>

  <%= form.submit %>
<% end %>

Notice the method: :get argument to form_with. This is required.

Form fields will be populated with the criteria input (or default) values of the same name from @search. Type-appropriate form fields can be used, e.g. date_field for type :date, check_box for types :boolean and :void, etc.

By default, the form will submit to the index action of the controller that corresponds to the model_class of the search object. For example, PostSearch.model_class is Post, so a form with an instance of PostSearch will submit to PostsController#index. To change where the form submits to, use the :url option of form_with.

Search Links

Search links can be rendered using the link_to_search view helper method:

<%= link_to_search "Sort by title", @search.toggle_order(:title, :asc) %>

The link will automatically point to the current controller and current action, with query parameters from the given search object. To link to a different controller or action, pass an options Hash in place of the search object:

<%= link_to_search "Sort by title", { controller: "posts", action: "index",
      search: @search.toggle_order(:title, :asc) } %>

The link_to_search helper also accepts the same HTML options that Rails' link_to helper does:

<%= link_to_search "Sort by title", @search.toggle_order(:title, :asc),
      id: "title-sort-link", class: "sort-link" %>

...As well as a content block:

<%= link_to_search @search.toggle_order(:title, :asc) do %>
  Sort by title <%= img_tag "sort_icon.png" %>
<% end %>

ModelSearch Helper Methods

The ModelSearch class provides several methods that are helpful when rendering the view.

One such method is ModelSearch#toggle_order, which was shown in previous examples. Remember that toggle_order is a builder-style method that does not modify the search object. Instead, it duplicates the search object, and sets the order on the new object. Such behavior is suitable to generating links to multiple variants of a search, such as sort links in table column headers.

ModelSearch#with and ModelSearch#without

Two additional builder-style methods are ModelSearch#with and ModelSearch#without. Like toggle_order, both of these methods return a new search object, leaving the original search object unmodified. The with method accepts a Hash of criteria input values to merge on top of the original set of criteria input values:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :title
  criteria :published, :boolean
end

# The following are equivalent:
PostSearch.new(title: "Maaaaath!", published: true)
PostSearch.new(title: "Maaaaath!").with(published: true)
PostSearch.new(title: "Math?").with(title: "Maaaaath!", published: true)

The without method accepts a list of criteria input values to exclude (default criteria values still apply):

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :title
  criteria :published, :boolean, default: true
end

# The following are equivalent:
PostSearch.new(title: "Maaaaath!")
PostSearch.new(title: "Maaaaath!", published: false).without(:published)

ModelSearch#each_choice

Another helpful method is ModelSearch#each_choice, which will iterate over the defined choices for a given criteria. This can be used to generate links to variants of a search:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  criteria :category, choices: %w[Science Tech Engineering Math]
end

<% @search.each_choice(:category) do |choice, chosen| %>
  <%= link_to_search "Category: #{choice}", @search.with(category: choice),
        class: ("active" if chosen) %>
<% end %>

Notice that if the block passed to each_choice accepts two arguments, the 2nd argument will indicate if the choice is currently chosen.

If no block is passed to each_choice, it will return an Enumerator. This can be used to generate options for a select box:

<%= form_with model: @search, local: true, method: :get do |form| %>
  <%= form.select :category, @search.each_choice(:category) %>
  <%= form.submit %>
<% end %>

The each_choice method can also be invoked with :order. Doing so will iterate over each direction of each defined order, yielding the appropriate labels including direction suffix:

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order "Title", [:title], asc_suffix: " (A-Z)", desc_suffix: " (Z-A)"
  order "Time", [:created_at], asc_suffix: " (oldest first)", desc_suffix: " (newest first)"
end

<%= form_with model: @search, local: true, method: :get do |form| %>
  <%= form.select :order, @search.each_choice(:order) %>
  <%= form.submit %>
<% end %>

The select box in the above form will list four options: "Title (A-Z)", "Title (Z-A)", "Time (oldest first)", "Time (newest first)".

ModelSearch#order_directions

Finally, the ModelSearch#order_directions helper method returns a HashWithIndifferentAccess reflecting the currently applied direction of each defined order. It contains a key for each defined order, and associates each key with either :asc, :desc, or nil.

class PostSearch < TalentScout::ModelSearch
  order "Title", [:title]
  order "Time", [:created_at]
end

<thead>
  <tr>
    <% @search.order_directions.each do |order, direction| %>
      <th>
        <%= link_to_search order, @search.toggle_order(order) %>
        <%= img_tag "#{direction || "unsorted"}_icon.png" %>
      </th>
    <% end %>
  </tr>
</thead>

Remember that only one order can be applied at a time, so only one value in the Hash, at most, will be non-nil.

Installation

Add the gem to your Gemfile:

$ bundle add talent_scout

And run the installation generator:

$ rails generate talent_scout:install

Contributing

Run bin/test to run the tests.

License

MIT License