Enable deprecation check and bump golangci-lint to v1.59.0

[RainbowMango]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

This PR enabled the deprecation check which was disabled by #3730 during the dependency update.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #3835

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

NONE

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.31%. Comparing base (d676996) to head (c34d383).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #4992   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   53.31%   53.31%           
=======================================
  Files         252      252           
  Lines       20539    20539           
=======================================
  Hits        10951    10951           
  Misses       8862     8862           
  Partials      726      726           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	53.31% <ø> (ø)

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[RainbowMango]

/assign @chaunceyjiang

[chaunceyjiang]

https://github.com/karmada-io/karmada/actions/runs/9265679841/job/25488218842?pr=4992

Judging from the execution results of the runner, version 1.59.0 has been used correctly.

/lgtm

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