[1.x] Add PHP 8.3 Runtime (missing extensions excluded)

[Jubeki]

This PR adds the PHP 8.3 Runtime to Laravel Sail. (Some extensions are not available yet and are commented out, they are only available after the official PHP 8.3 release)

The default version for installing is still PHP 8.2.

For testing the changes you can do the following:

laravel new sail-php83 --no-interaction
cd sail-php83
composer config repositories.sail vcs https://github.com/Jubeki/laravel-sail.git
composer require laravel/sail:dev-php83 --dev
php artisan sail:install

Change Runtime in docker-compose.yml:

context: ./vendor/laravel/sail/runtimes/8.3
image: sail-8.3-rc1/app

And then start the containers and open the page in the browser:

vendor/bin/sail up -d
vendor/bin/sail php -v
open http://localhost

Dont forget to later shut the container down:

vendor/bin/sail down

In the APT repository is currently PHP 8.3.0beta3 available instead of the RC1, but this is outside of the control of Laravel Sail.

[taylorotwell]

Thanks!