Programming exercises: Add Go programming language template

[magaupp]

Checklist

General

• I tested all changes and their related features with all corresponding user types on a test server.
• Language: I followed the guidelines for inclusive, diversity-sensitive, and appreciative language.
• I chose a title conforming to the naming conventions for pull requests.

Server

• Important: I implemented the changes with a very good performance and prevented too many (unnecessary) and too complex database calls.
• I strictly followed the server coding and design guidelines.

Changes affecting Programming Exercises

• High priority: I tested all changes and their related features with all corresponding user types on a test server configured with the integrated lifecycle setup (LocalVC and LocalCI).
• I tested all changes and their related features with all corresponding user types on a local server configured with LocalVC and Jenkins.

Motivation and Context

Go currently is on rank 12 of the PYPL Index and should be included as a relevant language for programming exercises.

Description

This PR adds Go as a programming exercise template. It uses the Strategy Pattern example as used in the other languages.
The tests use the standard testing package to be run with go test. The output is converted to JUnit XML using go-junit-report.

This PR also includes refactoring of client code for easy extensibility of package name verification.

Steps for Testing

Prerequisites:

• 1 Instructor

1. Navigate to the exercise creation page
2. Select Go for the language
3. Verify that only valid Go identifiers can be used for the package name
4. Fill out all necessary fields correctly and generate the exercise
5. Wait until the test results are available in the exercise details page
6. Verify that the template result passes 0/8 tests without build failure
7. Verify that the solution result passes 8/8 tests without build failure

Testserver States

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Review Progress

Code Review

• Code Review 1
• Code Review 2

Manual Tests

• Test 1
• Test 2

Summary by CodeRabbit

Release Notes

• New Features

  • Added support for the Go programming language across various components, including programming exercises, plagiarism detection, and continuous integration.
  • Introduced new Go-related templates and scripts for automated testing and exercise management.

• Enhancements

  • Improved validation for package names and application names for Go and other languages.
  • Updated documentation to reflect new Go support and validation messages in multiple languages.

• Bug Fixes

  • Refined error handling and validation logic related to programming exercises, ensuring better user guidance.

• Chores

  • Updated localization files to include Go-specific validation messages in German and English.

[magaupp]

I was requested to make this independent of #9691. Please re-test.

[AjayvirS]

Tested on TS1:

[coolchock]

tested on ts1, go exercises build

[BBesrour]

code