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"Algorithms are not arbiters of objective truth and fairness simply because they're math."― Zoe Quinn

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You might have an algorithm for getting from office to home, for making a chunk of code that calculates the terms of the Fibonacci sequence, or for finding what you’re looking for in a retail store. Algorithms are the building blocks of computer programs or sequence of unambiguous instructions ( the term 'unambiguous' indicates that there is no room for subjective interpretation) that tells how the problem could be addressed and solved -- which is definitely overblown in their importance like road maps for accomplishing a given, well-defined automated reasoning task -- which always have a clear stopping point.

Long division and column addition are examples that everyone is familiar with -- even a simple function for adding two numbers is implementation of a particular algorithm. Online grammar checking uses algorithms. Financial computations use algorithms. Robotic field uses algorithms for controlling their robot using algorithms. An encryption algorithm transforms data according to specified actions to protect it. A search engine like Google uses search engine algorithms (such as, takes search strings of keywords as input, searches its associated database for relevant web pages, and returns results). In fact, it is difficult to think of a task performed by your computer that does not use computer rules that are a lot like a recipes (called algorithms).

The use of computer algorithms (step-by-step techniques used for Problem-solving) plays an essential role in space search programs. Scientists have to use enormous calculations, and they are managed by high-end supercomputers, which are enriched with detailed sets of instructions that computers follow to arrive at an answer. Algorithms have applications in many different disciplines from science to math to physics and, of course, computing -- and provide us the most ideal option of accomplishing a task. Here is some importance of algorithms in computer programming.

  • To improve the effectiveness of a computer program: An algorithm (procedure or formula for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of specified actions) can be used to improve the speed at which a program executes a problem and has the potential of reducing the time that a program takes to solve a problem.
  • Proper usage of resources: The right selection of an algorithm will ensure that a program consumes the least amount of memory. Apart from memory, the algorithm can determine the amount of processing power that is needed by a program.

The algorithm for a child's morning routine could be the following:

  • Step 1: Wake up and turn off alarm
  • Step 2: Get dressed
  • Step 3: Brush teeth
  • Step 4: Eat breakfast
  • Step 5: Go to school

 The algorithm to add two numbers entered by user would look something like this:

  • Step 1: Start
  • Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum
  • Step 3: Read values num1 and num2
  • Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum
  • sum ← num1 + num2
  • Step 5: Display sum
  • Step 6: Stop

 Two of these algorithms accomplish exactly the same goal, but each algorithm does it in completely different way to achieve the required output or to accomplish our task. In computer programming, there are often many different ways – algorithms (any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values as output) -- to accomplish any given task. Each algorithm has credits and demerits in different situations. If you have a million integer values between -2147483648 and +2147483647 and you need to sort them, the bin sort is the accurate algorithm to use. If you have a million book titles, the quick sort algorithm might be the best choice. By knowing the toughness and weaknesses of the different algorithms, you pick the best one to accomplish a specific task or to solve a specific problem.

One of the most important aspects of an algorithm is how fast it can manipulate data in various ways, such as inserting a new data item, searching for a particular item or sorting an item. It is often easy to come up with a list of rules to follow in order to solve a problem, but if the algorithm is too slow, it's back to the drawing board. Efficiency of an algorithm depends on its design and implementation. Since every procedure or formula for solving a problem based on conducting a sequence of specified actions -- uses computer resources to run -- execution time and internal memory usage are important considerations to analyze an algorithm.

Why Study Algorithms?

Algorithms are the heart of computer science (usually means a procedure or basically instance of logic written in software that solves a recurrent problem of finding an item with specific properties among collection of items or transforming data according to specified actions to protect it), and the subject has countless practical applications as well as intellectual depth that is widely used throughout all areas of information technology including solving a mathematical problem (as of finding the greatest common divisor ) in a finite number of steps that often involves repetition of an operation. The word algorithm -- a mathematical concept whose roots date back to 600 AD with invention of the decimal system -- derives from the name of the ninth century Persian mathematician and geographer, Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850. On the other hand, it turns out algorithms (widely recognized as the foundation of modern computer coding) have a long and distinguished history stretching back as far as the Babylonians.

Although there is some available body of facts or information about early multiplication algorithms in Egypt (around 1700-2000 BC) the oldest algorithm is widely recognized to be valid or correct to have been found on a set of Babylonian clay tablets that date to around 1600 - 1800 BC. Their exact significance only came to be revealed or exposed around 1972 when an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University Donald E. Knuth published the first English translations of various Babylonian cuneiform mathematical tablets.

Here are some short extracts from his 1972 manuscript that explain these early algorithms:-

"The calculations described in Babylonian tablets are not merely the solutions to specific individual problems; they are actually general procedures for solving a whole class of problems." - Pages 672 to 673 of "Ancient Babylonian Algorithms".

The wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets also seem to have been an early form of instruction manual:-

"Note also the stereotyped ending, 'This is the procedure,' which is commonly found at the end of each section on a table. Thus the Babylonian procedures are genuine algorithms, and we can commend the Babylonians for developing a nice way to explain an algorithm by example as the algorithm itself was being defined...." - Pages 672 to 673 of "Ancient Babylonian Algorithms".

 The use of computers, however, has raised the use of algorithms in daily transactions (like accessing an automated teller machine (ATM ), booking an air or train or buying something online) to unprecedented levels of real-world problems with solutions requiring advanced algorithms abounds. From Google search to morning routines, algorithms are ubiquitous in our everyday life -- and their use is only likely to grow to break down tasks into chunks that can be solved through specific implementations. Many of the problems, though they may not seem realistic, need the set of well-defined algorithmic knowledge that comes up every day in the real world. By developing a good understanding of a series of logical steps in an algorithmic language, you will be able to choose the right one for a problem and apply it properly. Different algorithms play different roles in programming – and algorithms are used by computer programs where a program –

  • Get input data.
  • Process it using the complex logics.
  • Stop when it finds an answer or some conditions are met.
  • Produce the desired output.

To give you a better picture, here is the most common type of algorithms:

  • Searching Algorithms
  • Sorting Algorithms
  • Path finding Algorithms
  • Tree and graph based algorithms
  • Approximate Algorithms
  • Compression Algorithms
  • Random Algorithms
  • Pattern Matching
  • Sequence Finding and a lot more

You only need to define your problem then select the right algorithm to use.The word algorithm may not appear closely connected to kids, but the truth is that -- for kids -- understanding the process of building a step by step method of solving a problem helps them build a strong foundation in logical thinking and problem solving. Here are some problems you can ask your kid to discuss algorithmic solutions with you:

  • How do we know if a number is odd or even?
  • How do we calculate all of the factors of a number?
  • How can we tell if a number is prime?
  • Given a list of ten numbers in random order, how can we put them order?

 Algorithms has shown it can yield results in all industries — from predicting insurance sales opportunities and generating the millions of search inquiries every day to automating medicine research, optimizing transportation routes, and much more. While algorithms help companies like Master Card and Visa to keep their users' information, such as card number, password, and bank statement safely -- algorithms aren't perfect. They fail and some fail spectacularly. Over the past few years, there have been some serious fails with algorithms, which are the formulas or sets of rules used in digital decision-making processes. Now people are questioning whether we're putting too much trust in the algorithms. When algorithms go bad: Online failures show humans are still needed. Disturbing events at FacebookInstagram and Amazon reveal the importance of context.


Timeline of algorithms:


Medieval Period

Before 1940

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s


Top Algorithms every computer science student should know:




Machine Learning Algorithms:



Books:


  1. The Design and Analysis of Parallel Algorithms
    Selim G. Akl

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  2. Computational and Algorithmic Linear Algebra and n-Dimensional Geometry
    Katta G. Murty

    Download

  3. Algorithms Unlocked
    Thomas H. Cormen

    Download

  4. Machine Learning Models and Algorithms for Big Data Classification
    Shan Suthaharan

    Download

  5. Algorithms and Data Structures
    N. Wirth

    Download

  6. Algorithm Design
    Jon Kleinberg

    Download

  7. The Master Algorithm - How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World
    Pedro Domingos

    Download

  8. Algorithmic Graph Theory
    David Joyner

    Download

  9. Algorithmics: Theory and Practice
    Gilles Brassard

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  10. Algorithms for Data Science
    Brian Steele

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  11. Algorithms For Dummies
    Luca Massaron

    Download

  12. Algorithms in C
    Robert Sedgewick

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  13. Algorithms in a nutshell
    George T. Heineman

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  14. Algorithms For Interviews
    Adnan Aziz

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  15. Algorithmic Mathematics
    Leonard Soicher

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  16. An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms for Scientists and Engineers
    David Coley

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  17. The Design of Approximation Algorithms
    David Shmoys

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  18. Annotated Algorithms In Python With Applications In Physics, Biology, and Finance
    Massimo di Pierro

    Download

  19. Planning Algorithms
    Steven M. LaValle

    Download

  20. Clever Algorithms
    Jason Brownlee

    Download

  21. Introduction to Algorithms
    Thomas H. Cormen

    Download

  22. Combinatorial Algorithms for Computers and Calculators
    Albert Nijenhuis

    Download

  23. Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions
    Tom Griffiths

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  24. Data Mining Algorithms: Explained Using R
    Pawel Cichosz

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  25. Data Structures And Algorithms Made Easy
    Narasimha Karumanchi

    Download

  26. Data Structures and Algorithms in Java
    Robert Lafore

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  27. Data Structures & Problem Solving Using Java
    mark allen weiss

    Download

  28. Data Structures and Algorithms with JavaScript
    Michael McMillan

    Download

  29. Genetic Algorithms
    Prem Junsawang

    Download

  30. Fast Fourier Transform: Algorithms and Applications
    K.R. Rao

    Download

  31. Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms
    Ellis Horowitz

    Download

  32. Analysis of Algorithms: An Active Learning Approach
    Jeffrey J. McConnell

    Download

  33. Graph Algorithms in Bioinformatics

    Download

  34. Algorithms: Greedy Algorithms
    Amotz Bar-Noy

    Download

  35. Grokking Algorithms: An illustrated guide for programmers and other curious people
    Aditya Y. Bhargava

    Download

  36. Handbook of Scheduling: Algorithms, Models, and Performance Analysis
    Joseph Y-T. Leung

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  37. Computer Algorithms
    Sartaj Sahni

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  38. How to Think About Algorithms
    Jeff Edmonds

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  39. Introduction to Algorithms: A Creative Approach
    Udi Manber

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  40. Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms
    Mitsuo Gen

    Download

  41. Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
    S.N.Sivanandam

    Download

  42. Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms
    Anany Levitin

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  43. Knapsack Problems: Algorithms and Computer Implementations
    Silvano Martello

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  44. Machine Learning: An Algorithmic Perspective
    Stephen Marsland

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  45. Mastering Algorithms with C
    Kyle Loudon

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  46. Memory Management: Algorithms and Implementation in C / C++
    Bill Blunden

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  47. Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
    Deepankar Medhi

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  48. Neural Networks: Algorithms, Applications, and Programming Techniques
    James A. Freeman

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  49. Numerical Algorithms
    Justin Solomon

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  50. Algorithms and Parallel Computing
    Fayez Gebali

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  51. Pearls of Functional Algorithm Design
    Richard S. Bird

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  52. Problems on Algorithms
    Ian Parberry

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  53. Practical Genetic Algorithms
    Sue Ellen Haupt

    Download

  54. Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures
    Brad Miller

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  55. Randomized Algorithms
    Rajeev Motwani

    Download

  56. Representations for Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms
    Franz Rothlauf

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  57. The Algorithm Design Manual
    Steven S. Skiena

    Download

  58. Sams Teach Yourself Data Structures and Algorithms in 24 Hours
    Robert Lafore

    Download

  59. The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms
    Alfred Aho

    Download

  60. Art of Computer Programming: Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms
    Donald Knuth

    Download

  61. Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms
    Shai Shalev-Shwartz

    Download

  62. Algorithms and Data Structures for External Memory
    Jeffrey Scott Vitter

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  63. Algorithms Illuminated Part 1: The Basics
    Tim Roughgarden

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  64. Introduction to the Theory of Computation
    Michael Sipser

    Download

  65. The Little Schemer
    Matthias Felleisen

    Download

  66. Decision Making in Medicine: An Algorithmic Approach
    Stuart B. Mushlin MD

    Download

  67. Python Algorithms: Mastering Basic Algorithms in the Python Language
    Magnus Lie Hetland

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  68. Learning Algorithms Through Programming and Puzzle Solving
    Alexander S. Kulikov

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  69. Foundations of Algorithms
    Richard E. Neapolitan

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  70. Think Data Structures: Algorithms and Information Retrieval in Java
    Allen B. Downey

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