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mention new Selsis et al. results
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matiscke committed Aug 16, 2023
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18 changes: 18 additions & 0 deletions src/tex/bib.bib
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Expand Up @@ -9441,3 +9441,21 @@ @misc{zotero-10724
urldate = {2023-04-24},
howpublished = {https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full\_html/2022/09/aa43548-22/aa43548-22.html}
}

@article{Selsis2023,
title = {A Cool Runaway Greenhouse without Surface Magma Ocean},
author = {Selsis, Franck and Leconte, J{\'e}r{\'e}my and Turbet, Martin and Chaverot, Guillaume and Bolmont, {\'E}meline},
year = {2023},
month = aug,
journal = {Nature},
volume = {620},
number = {7973},
pages = {287--291},
publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
issn = {1476-4687},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06258-3},
urldate = {2023-08-11},
abstract = {Water vapour atmospheres with content equivalent to the Earth's oceans, resulting from impacts1 or a high insolation2,3, were found to yield a surface magma ocean4,5. This was, however, a consequence of assuming a fully convective structure2\textendash 11. Here, we report using a consistent climate model that pure steam atmospheres are commonly shaped by radiative layers, making their thermal structure strongly dependent on the stellar spectrum and internal heat flow. The surface is cooler when an adiabatic profile is not imposed; melting Earth's crust requires an insolation several times higher than today, which will not happen during the main sequence of the Sun. Venus's surface can solidify before the steam atmosphere escapes, which is the opposite of previous works4,5. Around the reddest stars (Teff\,\,{$<$}\,\,3,000\,K), surface magma oceans cannot form by stellar forcing alone, whatever the water content. These findings affect observable signatures of steam atmospheres and exoplanet mass\textendash radius relationships, drastically changing current constraints on the water content of TRAPPIST-1 planets. Unlike adiabatic structures, radiative\textendash convective profiles are sensitive to opacities. New measurements of poorly constrained high-pressure opacities, in particular far from the H2O absorption bands, are thus necessary to refine models of steam atmospheres, which are important stages in terrestrial planet evolution.},
copyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
langid = {english}
}
9 changes: 5 additions & 4 deletions src/tex/ms.tex
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Expand Up @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ \section{Introduction}
% because atmospheric volatiles are highly soluble in magmatic liquids~\citep{2021ApJ...909L..22K,Dorn2021}.
Due to these similar formation sequences, it was commonly assumed that the divergence of Venus and Earth -- in particular Venus' water loss -- occurred late in their evolution~\citep[e.g.,][]{Way2020}.

Yet, \citet{Hamano2013} suggested that the present-day dry conditions on Venus may have been directly inherited from the early magma ocean stage.% if a strongly infrared-absorbing, condensable species such as water is present on the planet.
Yet, \citet{Hamano2013} suggested that the present-day dry conditions on Venus may have been directly inherited from the early magma ocean stage. % if a strongly infrared-absorbing, condensable species such as water is present on the planet.
If a strongly infrared-absorbing, condensable species such as water was dominant in the atmosphere, the resulting strong thermal blanketing effect would prevent the planet to efficiently radiate to space and maintain the surface molten~\citep{Ingersoll1969,Kasting1988,2010ppc..book.....P,Goldblatt2013,2015ExA....40..449L,2017JGRE..122.1458S}.
This runaway greenhouse state can extend the magma ocean stage to hundreds of \SI{}{\mega\year}~\citep{2016ApJ...829...63S,2021AsBio..21.1325B}, enough to remove the entire water reservoir from a rocky planet by H$_2$O photolysis and subsequent hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen~\citep{2013ApJ...778..154W,2014ApJ...785L..20W,Luger2015}.
%This scenario requires early water delivery, which for Venus is supported by isotopic and petrological evidence from meteoritic samples~\citep{2018SSRv..214...36A,2022Natur.611..245B}.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ \section{Runaway Greenhouse Model}\label{sec:met_rghmodel}
%- we ignore tidal heating, which could extend the magma ocean phase of close-in planets (and change their orbits via tidal orbital evolution)( Jackson et al., 2008; Barnes et al., 2013 (?)).\\
%}
The climate state of a planet has a direct influence on its apparent size measured by transit photometry~\citep{Turbet2019,Turbet2020,Mousis2020,2021ApJ...914...84A}.
With even a fraction of the Earth's water inventory, a planet absorbing more flux than the radiation limit of steam atmospheres will enter a runaway greenhouse state resulting in a global magma ocean~\citep{Lichtenberg2021c,Boukrouche2021}.
With even a fraction of the Earth's water inventory, a planet absorbing more flux than the radiation limit of steam atmospheres \revii{was found to} enter a runaway greenhouse state resulting in a global magma ocean~\revii{\citep[][but see \citet{Selsis2023} for a contrasting viewpoint]{Lichtenberg2021c,Boukrouche2021}}.
We use predictions on transit atmospheric thickness from geophysical models to derive the change in transit radius and bulk density that planets with instellation-induced runaway greenhouse climates experience, depending on the distribution of water between planetary interior and atmosphere, and on the resulting thermal atmospheric structure~\citep{Dorn2021,Salvador2023}.

The net absorbed stellar \rev{fluxes of planets are a function of intrinsic atmospheric properties such as their albedo, which are} generally poorly constrained for planets outside the solar system~\citep[e.g.,][]{Angerhausen2015,Parmentier2018a,Mansfield2019}.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -553,8 +553,9 @@ \subsubsection{Key factors influencing tests of the runaway greenhouse hypothesi
We will now briefly explore the above drivers.

\textit{Occurrence rate of planets forming steam atmospheres}: The runaway greenhouse climate relies on sufficient amounts of atmospheric water vapor that can act as a greenhouse gas.
However, already about $\SIrange{\sim 10}{20} \, \mathrm{bar}$ of water vapor -- corresponding to a minor fraction of one Earth ocean and thus the lower limit of water on Earth -- is enough to sustain sufficiently high surface temperatures to keep the planet in a magma ocean stage~\citep{Boukrouche2021,Lichtenberg2021c}.
The fraction of planets fulfilling these requirements has an impact on the amplitude of the demographic imprint of the runaway greenhouse transition.
\revii{It was shown that} already about $\SIrange{\sim 10}{20} \, \mathrm{bar}$ of water vapor -- corresponding to a minor fraction of one Earth ocean and thus the lower limit of water on Earth -- is enough to sustain sufficiently high surface temperatures to keep the planet in a magma ocean stage~\citep{Boukrouche2021,Lichtenberg2021c}.
\revii{However, recent simulations accounting for radiative–convective profiles suggest the existence of cooler runaway greenhouse states that do not necessarily yield a surface magma ocean~\citep{Selsis2023}.
Climate state and atmospheric structure, as well as the fraction of planets fulfilling the requirements of a steam atmosphere} have an impact on the amplitude of the demographic imprint of the runaway greenhouse transition.
From a planet formation perspective, the incorporation of water into planets in the terrestrial planet zone is a standard expected outcome~\citep[e.g.,][]{2019PNAS..116.9723Z,Venturini2020,Emsenhuber2021b,Schlecker2021,Burn2021}.
But while commonly considered volatile delivery channels suggest a fraction of planets to be volatile-poor, the incorporation of hydrogen into even the driest planetary materials known in the solar system\rev{~\citep{McCubbin2019,2020Sci...369.1110P,2021PSJ.....2..244J}} suggests that hydrogen is present in all rocky planets upon formation.
Accreted hydrogen in nominally dry planetary materials react with mantle oxygen to form substantial amounts of water inside of the planet during the magma ocean phase~\citep{Ikoma2018,2021ApJ...909L..22K,2020MNRAS.496.3755K,2022NatAs...6.1296K}.
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%\newcommand{\revii}[1]{{#1}}

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