<any>: std::any doesn't link when exceptions are disabled

[AlexGuteniev]

Describe the bug
std::any doesn't link when exceptions are disabled

The issue occurs regardless of /EH options; _HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0 matters here.
The issue occurs with /MD or /MDd, not with /MT or /MTd.

Command-line test case

D:\Temp2>type repro.cpp
#include <any>

int main() {
    return std::any_cast<int>(std::any{});
}

D:\Temp2>cl /D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0 /MD /std:c++17 repro.cpp
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.27.29009.1 for x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

repro.cpp
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.27.29009.1
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

/out:repro.exe
repro.obj
repro.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "__declspec(dllimport) public: __thiscall std::bad_cast::bad_cast(char const *)" (__imp_??0bad_cast@std@@QAE@PBD@Z) referenced in function "public: __thiscall std::bad_any_cast::bad_any_cast(void)" (??0bad_any_cast@std@@QAE@XZ)
repro.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "__declspec(dllimport) public: virtual __thiscall std::bad_cast::~bad_cast(void)" (__imp_??1bad_cast@std@@UAE@XZ) referenced in function "public: virtual __thiscall std::bad_any_cast::~bad_any_cast(void)" (??1bad_any_cast@std@@UAE@XZ)
repro.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "protected: virtual void __thiscall std::bad_cast::_Doraise(void)const " (?_Doraise@bad_cast@std@@MBEXXZ)
repro.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 3 unresolved externals

Expected behavior
The program should link.

STL version

Microsoft Visual Studio Professional 2019 Preview
Version 16.7.0 Preview 3.1

Additional context
_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0 is unsupported, see #202 (comment)

This item is also tracked on Developer Community as DevCom-376072 and by Microsoft-internal VSO-725649 / AB#725649.