munich-quantum-toolkit · burgholzer · Dec 28, 2025 · Dec 28, 2025
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning], with the exception that minor rel
 
 ### Changed
 
+- ♻️🏁 Remove Windows-specific restrictions for dynamic QDMI device library handling ([#1406]) ([**@burgholzer**])
 - ♻️ Migrate Python bindings from `pybind11` to `nanobind` ([#1383]) ([**@denialhaag**], [**@burgholzer**])
 - 📦️ Provide Stable ABI wheels for Python 3.12+ ([#1383]) ([**@burgholzer**], [**@denialhaag**])
 - 🚚 Create dedicated `mqt.core.na` submodule to closely follow the structure of other submodules ([#1383]) ([**@burgholzer**])
@@ -286,6 +287,7 @@ _📚 Refer to the [GitHub Release Notes](https://github.com/munich-quantum-tool
 
 <!-- PR links -->
 
+[#1406]: https://github.com/munich-quantum-toolkit/core/pull/1406
 [#1402]: https://github.com/munich-quantum-toolkit/core/pull/1402
 [#1385]: https://github.com/munich-quantum-toolkit/core/pull/1385
 [#1384]: https://github.com/munich-quantum-toolkit/core/pull/1384

diff --git a/bindings/fomac/fomac.cpp b/bindings/fomac/fomac.cpp
@@ -420,9 +420,7 @@ All authentication parameters are optional and can be provided as keyword argume
   operation.def(nb::self != nb::self,
                 nb::sig("def __ne__(self, arg: object, /) -> bool"));
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
-  // Module-level function to add dynamic device libraries on non-Windows
-  // systems
+  // Module-level function to add dynamic device libraries
   m.def(
       "add_dynamic_device_library",
       [](const std::string& libraryPath, const std::string& prefix,
@@ -463,9 +461,6 @@ All authentication parameters are optional and can be provided as keyword argume
 
 This function loads a shared library (.so, .dll, or .dylib) that implements a QDMI device interface and makes it available for use in sessions.
 
-Note:
-    This function is only available on non-Windows platforms.
-
 Args:
     library_path: Path to the shared library file to load.
     prefix: Function prefix used by the library (e.g., "MY_DEVICE").
@@ -499,7 +494,6 @@ This function loads a shared library (.so, .dll, or .dylib) that implements a QD
 
     >>> from mqt.core.plugins.qiskit import QDMIBackend
     >>> backend = QDMIBackend(device=device))pb");
-#endif // _WIN32
 }
 
 } // namespace mqt
diff --git a/include/mqt-core/qdmi/Driver.hpp b/include/mqt-core/qdmi/Driver.hpp
@@ -116,16 +116,14 @@ struct DeviceLibrary {
   virtual ~DeviceLibrary() = default;
 };
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
 /**
  * @brief Definition of the dynamic device library.
  * @details This class is used to load the QDMI device interface functions
  * from a dynamic library at runtime. It inherits from DeviceLibrary and
  * overrides the constructor and destructor to open and close the library.
- * @note This class is only available on non-Windows platforms.
  */
 class DynamicDeviceLibrary final : public DeviceLibrary {
-  /// @brief Handle to the dynamic library returned by `dlopen`.
+  /// @brief Handle to the dynamic library
   void* libHandle_;
 
 public:
@@ -145,7 +143,6 @@ class DynamicDeviceLibrary final : public DeviceLibrary {
    */
   ~DynamicDeviceLibrary() override;
 };
-#endif // _WIN32
 
 // Macro to define a static library class that inherits from DeviceLibrary.
 // It binds all device library functions to the functions of the static library.
@@ -428,7 +425,6 @@ class Driver final {
 
   /// @brief Destructor for the Driver class.
   ~Driver();
-#ifndef _WIN32
   /**
    * @brief Loads a dynamic device library and adds it to the driver.
    *
@@ -439,16 +435,14 @@ class Driver final {
    *
    * @return A pointer to the newly created device.
    *
-   * @note This function is only available on non-Windows platforms.
-   *
    * @throws std::runtime_error If the device cannot be initialized.
    * @throws std::bad_alloc If memory allocation fails during the process.
    */
   auto addDynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
                                const std::string& prefix,
                                const DeviceSessionConfig& config = {})
       -> QDMI_Device;
-#endif // _WIN32
+
   /**
    * @brief Allocates a new session.
    * @see QDMI_session_alloc

diff --git a/python/mqt/core/fomac.pyi b/python/mqt/core/fomac.pyi
@@ -364,9 +364,6 @@ def add_dynamic_device_library(
 
     This function loads a shared library (.so, .dll, or .dylib) that implements a QDMI device interface and makes it available for use in sessions.
 
-    Note:
-        This function is only available on non-Windows platforms.
-
     Args:
         library_path: Path to the shared library file to load.
         prefix: Function prefix used by the library (e.g., "MY_DEVICE").

diff --git a/src/qdmi/Driver.cpp b/src/qdmi/Driver.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif // _WIN32
 
@@ -83,10 +85,19 @@ DEFINE_STATIC_LIBRARY(MQT_NA)
 DEFINE_STATIC_LIBRARY(MQT_DDSIM)
 DEFINE_STATIC_LIBRARY(MQT_SC)
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define DL_OPEN(lib) LoadLibraryA((lib))
+#define DL_SYM(lib, sym) GetProcAddress(static_cast<HMODULE>((lib)), (sym))
+#define DL_CLOSE(lib) FreeLibrary(static_cast<HMODULE>((lib)))
+#else
+#define DL_OPEN(lib) dlopen((lib), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL)
+#define DL_SYM(lib, sym) dlsym((lib), (sym))
+#define DL_CLOSE(lib) dlclose((lib))
+#endif
+
 DynamicDeviceLibrary::DynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
                                            const std::string& prefix)
-    : libHandle_(dlopen(libName.c_str(), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL)) {
+    : libHandle_(DL_OPEN(libName.c_str())) {
   if (libHandle_ == nullptr) {
     throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't open the device library: " + libName);
   }
@@ -98,7 +109,7 @@ DynamicDeviceLibrary::DynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
   {                                                                            \
     const std::string symbolName = std::string(prefix) + "_QDMI_" + #symbol;   \
     (symbol) = reinterpret_cast<decltype(symbol)>(                             \
-        dlsym(libHandle_, symbolName.c_str()));                                \
+        DL_SYM(libHandle_, symbolName.c_str()));                               \
     if ((symbol) == nullptr) {                                                 \
       throw std::runtime_error("Failed to load symbol: " + symbolName);        \
     }                                                                          \
@@ -131,7 +142,7 @@ DynamicDeviceLibrary::DynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
     LOAD_DYNAMIC_SYMBOL(device_session_query_operation_property)
     // NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
   } catch (const std::exception&) {
-    dlclose(libHandle_);
+    DL_CLOSE(libHandle_);
     throw;
   }
   // initialize the device
@@ -145,10 +156,13 @@ DynamicDeviceLibrary::~DynamicDeviceLibrary() {
   }
   // close the dynamic library
   if (libHandle_ != nullptr) {
-    dlclose(libHandle_);
+    DL_CLOSE(libHandle_);
   }
 }
-#endif // _WIN32
+
+#undef DL_OPEN
+#undef DL_SYM
+#undef DL_CLOSE
 } // namespace qdmi
 
 QDMI_Device_impl_d::QDMI_Device_impl_d(
@@ -384,7 +398,6 @@ Driver::~Driver() {
   devices_.clear();
 }
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
 auto Driver::addDynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
                                      const std::string& prefix,
                                      const DeviceSessionConfig& config)
@@ -393,7 +406,6 @@ auto Driver::addDynamicDeviceLibrary(const std::string& libName,
       std::make_unique<DynamicDeviceLibrary>(libName, prefix), config));
   return devices_.back().get();
 }
-#endif
 
 auto Driver::sessionAlloc(QDMI_Session* session) -> int {
   if (session == nullptr) {

diff --git a/src/qdmi/na/CMakeLists.txt b/src/qdmi/na/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -151,47 +151,44 @@ if(NOT TARGET ${TARGET_NAME})
   # in the tests
   add_library(qdmi::mqt_na_device ALIAS ${TARGET_NAME})
 
-  # Do not build dynamic NA device on Windows because it cannot be used anyways in the current setup
-  if(NOT WIN32)
-    set(DYN_TARGET_NAME ${MQT_CORE_TARGET_NAME}-qdmi-na-device-dyn)
-    if(NOT TARGET ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
-      # Set prefix for QDMI
-      set(QDMI_PREFIX "MQT_NA_DYN")
-      # Generate prefixed QDMI headers
-      generate_prefixed_qdmi_headers(${QDMI_PREFIX})
-      file(GLOB_RECURSE QDMI_HDRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/mqt_na_dyn_qdmi/**.hpp)
-      # Add dynamic library target
-      add_library(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} SHARED)
-      add_dependencies(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} ${TARGET_NAME})
-      # add sources to target
-      target_sources(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE DynDevice.cpp)
-      # add headers using file sets
-      target_sources(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PUBLIC FILE_SET
-               HEADERS
-               BASE_DIRS
-               ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}
-               ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include
-               FILES
-               ${DEVICE_HDR}
-               ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}/qdmi/na/Device.hpp
-               ${QDMI_HDRS})
-      # add link libraries
-      target_link_libraries(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PUBLIC qdmi::qdmi
-        PRIVATE ${TARGET_NAME} MQT::CoreQDMICommon MQT::ProjectOptions MQT::ProjectWarnings
-                spdlog::spdlog)
-      # set c++ standard
-      target_compile_features(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
-      # set versioning information
-      set_target_properties(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
-                   SOVERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR}.${PROJECT_VERSION_MINOR}
-                   EXPORT_NAME CoreQDMINaDeviceDyn)
-      add_library(MQT::CoreQDMINaDeviceDyn ALIAS ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
-    endif()
+  set(DYN_TARGET_NAME ${MQT_CORE_TARGET_NAME}-qdmi-na-device-dyn)
+  if(NOT TARGET ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
+    # Set prefix for QDMI
+    set(QDMI_PREFIX "MQT_NA_DYN")
+    # Generate prefixed QDMI headers
+    generate_prefixed_qdmi_headers(${QDMI_PREFIX})
+    file(GLOB_RECURSE QDMI_HDRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/mqt_na_dyn_qdmi/**.hpp)
+    # Add dynamic library target
+    add_library(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} SHARED)
+    add_dependencies(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} ${TARGET_NAME})
+    # add sources to target
+    target_sources(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE DynDevice.cpp)
+    # add headers using file sets
+    target_sources(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PUBLIC FILE_SET
+             HEADERS
+             BASE_DIRS
+             ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}
+             ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include
+             FILES
+             ${DEVICE_HDR}
+             ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}/qdmi/na/Device.hpp
+             ${QDMI_HDRS})
+    # add link libraries
+    target_link_libraries(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PUBLIC qdmi::qdmi
+      PRIVATE ${TARGET_NAME} MQT::CoreQDMICommon MQT::ProjectOptions MQT::ProjectWarnings
+              spdlog::spdlog)
+    # set c++ standard
+    target_compile_features(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    # set versioning information
+    set_target_properties(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
+                 SOVERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR}.${PROJECT_VERSION_MINOR}
+                 EXPORT_NAME CoreQDMINaDeviceDyn)
+    add_library(MQT::CoreQDMINaDeviceDyn ALIAS ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
   endif()
 endif()
diff --git a/src/qdmi/sc/CMakeLists.txt b/src/qdmi/sc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -151,47 +151,44 @@ if(NOT TARGET ${TARGET_NAME})
   # in the tests
   add_library(qdmi::mqt_sc_device ALIAS ${TARGET_NAME})
 
-  # Do not build dynamic SC device on Windows because it cannot be used anyways in the current setup
-  if(NOT WIN32)
-    set(DYN_TARGET_NAME ${MQT_CORE_TARGET_NAME}-qdmi-sc-device-dyn)
-    if(NOT TARGET ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
-      # Set prefix for QDMI
-      set(QDMI_PREFIX "MQT_SC_DYN")
-      # Generate prefixed QDMI headers
-      generate_prefixed_qdmi_headers(${QDMI_PREFIX})
-      file(GLOB_RECURSE QDMI_HDRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/mqt_sc_dyn_qdmi/**.hpp)
-      # Add dynamic library target
-      add_library(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} SHARED)
-      add_dependencies(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} ${TARGET_NAME})
-      # add sources to target
-      target_sources(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE DynDevice.cpp)
-      # add headers using file sets
-      target_sources(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PUBLIC FILE_SET
-               HEADERS
-               BASE_DIRS
-               ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}
-               ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include
-               FILES
-               ${DEVICE_HDR}
-               ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}/qdmi/sc/Device.hpp
-               ${QDMI_HDRS})
-      # add link libraries
-      target_link_libraries(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PUBLIC qdmi::qdmi
-        PRIVATE ${TARGET_NAME} MQT::CoreQDMICommon MQT::ProjectOptions MQT::ProjectWarnings
-                spdlog::spdlog)
-      # set c++ standard
-      target_compile_features(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
-      # set versioning information
-      set_target_properties(
-        ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
-        PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
-                   SOVERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR}.${PROJECT_VERSION_MINOR}
-                   EXPORT_NAME CoreQDMIScDeviceDyn)
-      add_library(MQT::CoreQDMIScDeviceDyn ALIAS ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
-    endif()
+  set(DYN_TARGET_NAME ${MQT_CORE_TARGET_NAME}-qdmi-sc-device-dyn)
+  if(NOT TARGET ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
+    # Set prefix for QDMI
+    set(QDMI_PREFIX "MQT_SC_DYN")
+    # Generate prefixed QDMI headers
+    generate_prefixed_qdmi_headers(${QDMI_PREFIX})
+    file(GLOB_RECURSE QDMI_HDRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include/mqt_sc_dyn_qdmi/**.hpp)
+    # Add dynamic library target
+    add_library(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} SHARED)
+    add_dependencies(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} ${TARGET_NAME})
+    # add sources to target
+    target_sources(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE DynDevice.cpp)
+    # add headers using file sets
+    target_sources(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PUBLIC FILE_SET
+             HEADERS
+             BASE_DIRS
+             ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}
+             ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/include
+             FILES
+             ${DEVICE_HDR}
+             ${MQT_CORE_INCLUDE_BUILD_DIR}/qdmi/sc/Device.hpp
+             ${QDMI_HDRS})
+    # add link libraries
+    target_link_libraries(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PUBLIC qdmi::qdmi
+      PRIVATE ${TARGET_NAME} MQT::CoreQDMICommon MQT::ProjectOptions MQT::ProjectWarnings
+              spdlog::spdlog)
+    # set c++ standard
+    target_compile_features(${DYN_TARGET_NAME} PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
+    # set versioning information
+    set_target_properties(
+      ${DYN_TARGET_NAME}
+      PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
+                 SOVERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR}.${PROJECT_VERSION_MINOR}
+                 EXPORT_NAME CoreQDMIScDeviceDyn)
+    add_library(MQT::CoreQDMIScDeviceDyn ALIAS ${DYN_TARGET_NAME})
   endif()
 endif()
diff --git a/test/python/fomac/test_fomac.py b/test/python/fomac/test_fomac.py
@@ -10,14 +10,13 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import cast
 
 import pytest
 
-from mqt.core.fomac import Device, Job, ProgramFormat, Session
+from mqt.core.fomac import Device, Job, ProgramFormat, Session, add_dynamic_device_library
 
 
 def _get_devices() -> list[Device]:
@@ -803,15 +802,7 @@ def test_session_multiple_instances() -> None:
     assert len(devices1) == len(devices2)
 
 
-if sys.platform != "win32":
-    from mqt.core import fomac
-
-    def test_add_dynamic_device_library_exists() -> None:
-        """Test that add_dynamic_device_library function exists on non-Windows platforms."""
-        assert hasattr(fomac, "add_dynamic_device_library")
-        assert callable(fomac.add_dynamic_device_library)
-
-    def test_add_dynamic_device_library_nonexistent_library() -> None:
-        """Test that loading a non-existent library raises an error."""
-        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-            fomac.add_dynamic_device_library("/nonexistent/lib.so", "PREFIX")
+def test_add_dynamic_device_library_nonexistent_library() -> None:
+    """Test that loading a non-existent library raises an error."""
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        add_dynamic_device_library("/nonexistent/lib.so", "PREFIX")