doc: add full deprecation history

I tried to manually reconstruct the history of deprecations and to
track them down to their origins. Having these documented publicly
makes it much easier to find out when deprecations were introduced
or changed.

Backport-PR-URL: #22826
PR-URL: #22766
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Vse Mozhet Byt <vsemozhetbyt@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>