Support UDT declarations from root of schema model. (apache#7)

Related to CALCITE-5346.

Previously we relied on the parser to map unrecognized datatypes to a known type using SqlAlienSystemTypeNameSpec. This worked but made it difficult to change or add new types as necessary. One would have to update at least 3 different parsers (babel, core, server) to make a change.

This change allows for declaring user-defined types at the root of a schema model and allows for easy type alias mapping. These data types are shared by all schema in the model so cast and DDL expressions do not need to scope data type references to a particular sub-schema. 

For example:
```
inline: {
  version: '1.0',
  types: [
    {
      name: 'BOOL',
      type: 'BOOLEAN'
    },
    {
      name: 'BYTES',
      type: 'VARBINARY'
    },
...
  ],
```
Allows for `CAST("true" as BOOL)`

core/src/main/java/org/apache/calcite/model/JsonRoot.java

@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ public class JsonRoot {
    */
   public final List<JsonSchema> schemas = new ArrayList<>();
 
+  /** Types in the root schema. Shared by all schemas in the model.
+   *
+   * <p>The list may be empty.
+   */
+  public final List<JsonType> types = new ArrayList<>();
+
   @JsonCreator
   public JsonRoot(
       @JsonProperty(value = "version", required = true) String version,

core/src/main/java/org/apache/calcite/model/ModelHandler.java

@@ -196,6 +196,9 @@ public void visit(JsonRoot jsonRoot) {
     final Pair<@Nullable String, SchemaPlus> pair =
         Pair.of(null, connection.getRootSchema());
     schemaStack.push(pair);
+    for (JsonType rootType : jsonRoot.types) {
+      rootType.accept(this);
+    }
     for (JsonSchema schema : jsonRoot.schemas) {
       schema.accept(this);
     }

core/src/test/java/org/apache/calcite/test/UdtTest.java

@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ class UdtTest {
   private CalciteAssert.AssertThat withUdt() {
     final String model = "{\n"
         + "  version: '1.0',\n"
+        + "  types: [\n"
+        + "     {\n"
+        + "       name: 'foo',\n"
+        + "       type: 'BIGINT'\n"
+        + "     }"
+        + "   ],\n"
         + "   schemas: [\n"
         + "     {\n"
         + "       name: 'adhoc',\n"
@@ -59,6 +65,12 @@ private CalciteAssert.AssertThat withUdt() {
     withUdt().query(sql).returns("LD=1\n");
   }
 
+  @Test void testRootUdt() {
+    final String sql = "select CAST(\"id\" AS foo) as ld "
+        + "from (VALUES ROW(1, 'SameName')) AS \"t\" (\"id\", \"desc\")";
+    withUdt().query(sql).returns("LD=1\n");
+  }
+
   /** Test case for
    * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-3045">[CALCITE-3045]
    * NullPointerException when casting null literal to composite user defined type</a>. */