[confmap] Add converter and provider settings to confmap.ResolverSettings

[evan-bradley]

Description:

Follows #9443, relates to #9513.

This builds on #9228 to demonstrate the concept.

This shows one way of extending the otelcol APIs to allow passing converters and providers from the builder with the new settings structs for each type.

I think this approach has a few advantages:

1. This follows our pattern of passing in "factory" functions instead of instances to the object that actually uses the instances.
2. Makes the API more declarative: the settings specify which modules to instantiate and which settings to instantiate them with, but don't require the caller to actually do this.
3. Compared to the current state, this allows us to update the config at different layers. A distribution's main.go file can specify the providers/converters it wants and leave the settings to be created by otelcol.Collector.

The primary drawbacks I see here are:

1. This is a little more opinionated since you don't have access to the converter/provider instances or control how they are instantiated. I think this is acceptable and provides good encapsulation.
2. The scheme->provider map can now only be specified by the providers' schemes, which is how it is currently done by default. I would want to hear what use cases we see for more complex control here that necessitates using schemes not specified by the providers.

cc @mx-psi

[github-actions]

This PR was marked stale due to lack of activity. It will be closed in 14 days.

[mx-psi]

@evan-bradley can you fix the merge conflict? I think that would make it ready for review :)

[evan-bradley]

@mx-psi Should be good-to-go now, please take a look.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 91.77%. Comparing base (e9b432d) to head (bd5eaa3).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #9516      +/-   ##
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+ Coverage   91.76%   91.77%   +0.01%     
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  Files         358      359       +1     
  Lines       16604    16631      +27     
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+ Hits        15236    15263      +27     
  Misses       1041     1041              
  Partials      327      327              

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[mx-psi]

@evan-bradley Can you address the linter issue?

Error: otelcoltest/config.go:48:6: func `makeMapProvidersMap` is unused (unused)

[evan-bradley]

@mx-psi Thanks for the heads-up, I think everything should be taken care of now.

[github-actions]

This PR was marked stale due to lack of activity. It will be closed in 14 days.

[evan-bradley]

@mx-psi This is ready for another look whenever you are able.

[mx-psi]

@evan-bradley can you address the linter on here?

Error: loader.go:248:13: SA1019: fileprovider.NewWithSettings is deprecated: [v0.99.0] Use NewFactory instead. (staticcheck)
	cp, err := fileprovider.NewWithSettings(confmaptest.NewNopProviderSettings()).Retrieve(context.Background(), "file:"+filePath, nil)
	           ^

[evan-bradley]

@mx-psi The build is green! 🎉