[EXPORTER] handling of invalid ports in UrlParser

[sjinks]

Fixes #3138

Changes

This PR adds handling of invalid ports to UrlParser.

Previously, invalid ports caused an exception; this PR updated the code so as not to throw exceptions and set success_ to false.

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

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[sjinks]

static_cast<> is because "Narrowing conversion from 'size_t' (aka 'unsigned long') to signed type 'difference_type' (aka 'long') is implementation-defined"

See also: https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/checks/cppcoreguidelines/narrowing-conversions.html

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 85.71429% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 87.83%. Comparing base (497eaf4) to head (06bab4c).
Report is 164 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...include/opentelemetry/ext/http/common/url_parser.h	85.72%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3142      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   87.12%   87.83%   +0.72%     
==========================================
  Files         200      195       -5     
  Lines        6109     6146      +37     
==========================================
+ Hits         5322     5398      +76     
+ Misses        787      748      -39     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...include/opentelemetry/ext/http/common/url_parser.h	93.34% <85.72%> (+1.34%)	⬆️

... and 112 files with indirect coverage changes

[marcalff]

LGTM, thanks for the fix.