BUG: DataFrame.from_records fails when the argument is Series with integer indices not containing 0

[mgotrik]

Pandas version checks

• I have checked that this issue has not already been reported.

• I have confirmed this bug exists on the latest version of pandas.

• I have confirmed this bug exists on the main branch of pandas.

Reproducible Example

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> pd.DataFrame.from_records({0:['bird']}) # WORKS
>>> pd.DataFrame.from_records({1:['bird']}) # WORKS
>>> pd.DataFrame.from_records(pd.Series({0:['bird']})) # WORKS
>>> pd.DataFrame.from_records(pd.Series({1:['bird']})) # FAILS KeyError: 0
>>> pd.DataFrame.from_records([pd.Series({1:['bird']})]) # WORKS
>>> pd.DataFrame(pd.Series({1:['bird']})) #WORKS

Output:

~/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py in from_records(cls, data, index, exclude, columns, coerce_float, nrows)
   2071             arr_columns = columns
   2072         else:
-> 2073             arrays, arr_columns = to_arrays(data, columns)
   2074             if coerce_float:
   2075                 for i, arr in enumerate(arrays):

~/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/internals/construction.py in to_arrays(data, columns, dtype)
    773         return [], ensure_index([])
    774 
--> 775     elif isinstance(data[0], Categorical):
    776         # GH#38845 deprecate special case
    777         warnings.warn(

~/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/series.py in __getitem__(self, key)
    940 
    941         elif key_is_scalar:
--> 942             return self._get_value(key)
    943 
    944         if is_hashable(key):

~/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/series.py in _get_value(self, label, takeable)
   1049 
   1050         # Similar to Index.get_value, but we do not fall back to positional
-> 1051         loc = self.index.get_loc(label)
   1052         return self.index._get_values_for_loc(self, loc, label)
   1053 

~/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py in get_loc(self, key, method, tolerance)
   3361                 return self._engine.get_loc(casted_key)
   3362             except KeyError as err:
-> 3363                 raise KeyError(key) from err
   3364 
   3365         if is_scalar(key) and isna(key) and not self.hasnans:

KeyError: 0

Issue Description

When generating a DataFrame using DataFrame.from_records() and a series with integer indices as input, the function fails due to a lookup of data[0] in ../pandas/core/internals/construction.to_arrays.

Expected Behavior

When determining if the data is categorical it should look at the first item in the data, not the item with key = 0

Installed Versions

INSTALLED VERSIONS

commit : 91111fd
python : 3.9.15.final.0
python-bits : 64
OS : Linux
OS-release : 5.4.0-124-generic
Version : #140~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 5 11:43:34 UTC 2022
machine : x86_64
processor : x86_64
byteorder : little
LC_ALL : None
LANG : en_US.UTF-8
LOCALE : en_US.UTF-8

pandas : 1.5.1
numpy : 1.23.4
pytz : 2022.1
dateutil : 2.8.2
setuptools : 65.5.0
pip : 22.2.2
Cython : None
pytest : None
hypothesis : None
sphinx : None
blosc : None
feather : None
xlsxwriter : None
lxml.etree : 4.6.3
html5lib : None
pymysql : None
psycopg2 : None
jinja2 : 3.1.2
IPython : 8.6.0
pandas_datareader: None
bs4 : 4.11.1
bottleneck : 1.3.5
brotli :
fastparquet : None
fsspec : None
gcsfs : None
matplotlib : 3.5.3
numba : None
numexpr : 2.8.4
odfpy : None
openpyxl : 3.0.10
pandas_gbq : None
pyarrow : None
pyreadstat : None
pyxlsb : None
s3fs : None
scipy : 1.9.3
snappy : None
sqlalchemy : None
tables : None
tabulate : None
xarray : None
xlrd : 2.0.1
xlwt : 1.3.0
zstandard : None
tzdata : None

[phofl]

Hi, thanks for your report. This is a duplicate of #40429