Reduce copying of input data on Series construction

[jreback]

closes #17449

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #18231 into master will decrease coverage by 0.04%.
The diff coverage is 83.33%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #18231      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.43%   91.38%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         163      163              
  Lines       50091    50099       +8     
==========================================
- Hits        45800    45784      -16     
- Misses       4291     4315      +24

Flag	Coverage Δ
#multiple	89.19% <83.33%> (-0.03%)	⬇️
#single	40.39% <42.59%> (-0.04%)	⬇️

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
pandas/core/indexes/timedeltas.py	91.17% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/period.py	92.91% <100%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
pandas/core/dtypes/cast.py	88.39% <71.42%> (+0.22%)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/base.py	96.42% <87.5%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/datetimes.py	95.48% <87.5%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/core/series.py	94.82% <90.9%> (-0.19%)	⬇️
pandas/io/gbq.py	25% <0%> (-58.34%)	⬇️
pandas/plotting/_converter.py	63.38% <0%> (-1.82%)	⬇️
pandas/core/frame.py	97.8% <0%> (-0.1%)	⬇️
pandas/core/internals.py	94.47% <0%> (-0.08%)	⬇️
... and 1 more

---

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #18231 into master will decrease coverage by 0.04%.
The diff coverage is 100%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #18231      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.36%   91.32%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         164      164              
  Lines       49718    49726       +8     
==========================================
- Hits        45426    45410      -16     
- Misses       4292     4316      +24

Flag	Coverage Δ
#multiple	89.12% <100%> (-0.03%)	⬇️
#single	39.63% <70.83%> (-0.05%)	⬇️

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
pandas/core/series.py	94.84% <100%> (-0.19%)	⬇️
pandas/core/dtypes/cast.py	88.39% <100%> (+0.22%)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/datetimes.py	95.48% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/timedeltas.py	91.14% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/period.py	92.92% <100%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
pandas/core/indexes/base.py	96.43% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/io/gbq.py	25% <0%> (-58.34%)	⬇️
pandas/plotting/_converter.py	63.44% <0%> (-1.82%)	⬇️
pandas/core/frame.py	97.8% <0%> (-0.1%)	⬇️
pandas/core/internals.py	94.47% <0%> (-0.08%)	⬇️
... and 1 more

---

Continue to review full report at Codecov.

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Δ = absolute <relative> (impact), ø = not affected, ? = missing data
Powered by Codecov. Last update 8486c73...f5cb71f. Read the comment docs.

[jreback]

@TomAugspurger @jorisvandenbossche

this is a slight API change (and a bug fix), but was needed to conform Series creation a bit.