BUG: groupby.rank with MaskedArray incorrect casting

[jbrockmendel]

• closes #xxxx
• tests added / passed
• Ensure all linting tests pass, see here for how to run them
• whatsnew entry

In master:

df = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["a"] * 4, "val": [1] * 4})
df["val"] = df["val"].astype("Int64")

>>> result = df.groupby("key").rank()
TypeError: cannot safely cast non-equivalent float64 to int64

Moves in the direction of sharing/generalizing _ea_wrap_cython_operation.

If I did this right, should avoid overlap with #40651.

[rhshadrach]

lgtm, but seems this could use a line in the whatsnew

[jreback]

thanks @jbrockmendel