TYP: Use Protocols for file-like objects in read/to_*

pandas/_testing/_io.py

@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@
 )
 import zipfile
 
-from pandas._typing import FilePathOrBuffer
+from pandas._typing import (
+    FilePath,
+    ReadPickleBuffer,
+)
 from pandas.compat import (
     get_lzma_file,
     import_lzma,
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ def can_connect(url, error_classes=None):
 
 
 def round_trip_pickle(
-    obj: Any, path: FilePathOrBuffer | None = None
+    obj: Any, path: FilePath | ReadPickleBuffer | None = None
 ) -> DataFrame | Series:
     """
     Pickle an object and then read it again.

pandas/_typing.py

@@ -1,28 +1,24 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from datetime import (
     datetime,
     timedelta,
     tzinfo,
 )
-from io import (
-    BufferedIOBase,
-    RawIOBase,
-    TextIOBase,
-)
-from mmap import mmap
 from os import PathLike
 from typing import (
-    IO,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    AnyStr,
     Callable,
     Collection,
     Dict,
     Hashable,
+    Iterator,
     List,
     Literal,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
+    Protocol,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Type as type_t,
@@ -169,9 +165,76 @@
 PythonFuncType = Callable[[Any], Any]
 
 # filenames and file-like-objects
-Buffer = Union[IO[AnyStr], RawIOBase, BufferedIOBase, TextIOBase, mmap]
-FileOrBuffer = Union[str, Buffer[AnyStr]]
-FilePathOrBuffer = Union["PathLike[str]", FileOrBuffer[AnyStr]]
+AnyStr_cov = TypeVar("AnyStr_cov", str, bytes, covariant=True)
+AnyStr_con = TypeVar("AnyStr_con", str, bytes, contravariant=True)
+
+
+class BaseBuffer(Protocol):
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> str:
+        # for _get_filepath_or_buffer
+        ...
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        # for _MMapWrapper
+        ...
+
+    def seek(self, __offset: int, __whence: int = ...) -> int:
+        # with one argument: gzip.GzipFile, bz2.BZ2File
+        # with two arguments: zip.ZipFile, read_sas
+        ...
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        # for bz2.BZ2File
+        ...
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        # for zip.ZipFile, read_stata, to_stata
+        ...
+
+
+class ReadBuffer(BaseBuffer, Protocol[AnyStr_cov]):
+    def read(self, __n: int | None = ...) -> AnyStr_cov:
+        # for BytesIOWrapper, gzip.GzipFile, bz2.BZ2File
+        ...
+
+
+class WriteBuffer(BaseBuffer, Protocol[AnyStr_con]):
+    def write(self, __b: AnyStr_con) -> Any:
+        # for gzip.GzipFile, bz2.BZ2File
+        ...
+
+    def flush(self) -> Any:
+        # for gzip.GzipFile, bz2.BZ2File
+        ...
+
+
+class ReadPickleBuffer(ReadBuffer[bytes], Protocol):
+    def readline(self) -> AnyStr_cov:
+        ...
+
+
+class WriteExcelBuffer(WriteBuffer[bytes], Protocol):
+    def truncate(self, size: int | None = ...) -> int:
+        ...
+
+
+class ReadCsvBuffer(ReadBuffer[AnyStr_cov], Protocol):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[AnyStr_cov]:
+        # for engine=python
+        ...
+
+    def readline(self) -> AnyStr_cov:
+        # for engine=python
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        # for enine=pyarrow
+        ...
+
+
+FilePath = Union[str, "PathLike[str]"]
 
 # for arbitrary kwargs passed during reading/writing files
 StorageOptions = Optional[Dict[str, Any]]

pandas/core/frame.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 import functools
 from io import StringIO
 import itertools
-import mmap
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import (
     IO,
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@
     CompressionOptions,
     Dtype,
     DtypeObj,
-    FilePathOrBuffer,
+    FilePath,
     FillnaOptions,
     FloatFormatType,
     FormattersType,
@@ -71,6 +70,7 @@
     TimedeltaConvertibleTypes,
     TimestampConvertibleTypes,
     ValueKeyFunc,
+    WriteBuffer,
     npt,
 )
 from pandas.compat._optional import import_optional_dependency
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ def _repr_html_(self) -> str | None:
     @Substitution(shared_params=fmt.common_docstring, returns=fmt.return_docstring)
     def to_string(
         self,
-        buf: FilePathOrBuffer[str] | None = None,
+        buf: FilePath | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         columns: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         col_space: int | None = None,
         header: bool | Sequence[str] = True,
@@ -2432,7 +2432,7 @@ def _from_arrays(
     @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name="fname", new_arg_name="path")
     def to_stata(
         self,
-        path: FilePathOrBuffer,
+        path: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes],
         convert_dates: dict[Hashable, str] | None = None,
         write_index: bool = True,
         byteorder: str | None = None,
@@ -2454,11 +2454,9 @@ def to_stata(
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path : str, buffer or path object
-            String, path object (pathlib.Path or py._path.local.LocalPath) or
-            object implementing a binary write() function. If using a buffer
-            then the buffer will not be automatically closed after the file
-            data has been written.
+        path : str, path object, or buffer
+            String, path object (implementing ``os.PathLike[str]``), or file-like
+            object implementing a binary ``write()`` function.
 
             .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
 
@@ -2600,14 +2598,16 @@ def to_stata(
         writer.write_file()
 
     @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name="fname", new_arg_name="path")
-    def to_feather(self, path: FilePathOrBuffer[bytes], **kwargs) -> None:
+    def to_feather(self, path: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes], **kwargs) -> None:
         """
         Write a DataFrame to the binary Feather format.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path : str or file-like object
-            If a string, it will be used as Root Directory path.
+        path : str, path object, file-like object
+            String, path object (implementing ``os.PathLike[str]``), or file-like
+            object implementing a binary ``write()`` function. If a string or a path,
+            it will be used as Root Directory path when writing a partitioned dataset.
         **kwargs :
             Additional keywords passed to :func:`pyarrow.feather.write_feather`.
             Starting with pyarrow 0.17, this includes the `compression`,
@@ -2677,15 +2677,14 @@ def to_markdown(
             return result
 
         with get_handle(buf, mode, storage_options=storage_options) as handles:
-            assert not isinstance(handles.handle, (str, mmap.mmap))
-            handles.handle.writelines(result)
+            handles.handle.write(result)
         return None
 
     @doc(storage_options=generic._shared_docs["storage_options"])
     @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name="fname", new_arg_name="path")
     def to_parquet(
         self,
-        path: FilePathOrBuffer | None = None,
+        path: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes] | None = None,
         engine: str = "auto",
         compression: str | None = "snappy",
         index: bool | None = None,
@@ -2703,13 +2702,11 @@ def to_parquet(
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path : str or file-like object, default None
-            If a string, it will be used as Root Directory path
-            when writing a partitioned dataset. By file-like object,
-            we refer to objects with a write() method, such as a file handle
-            (e.g. via builtin open function) or io.BytesIO. The engine
-            fastparquet does not accept file-like objects. If path is None,
-            a bytes object is returned.
+        path : str, path object, file-like object, or None, default None
+            String, path object (implementing ``os.PathLike[str]``), or file-like
+            object implementing a binary ``write()`` function. If None, the result is
+            returned as bytes. If a string or path, it will be used as Root Directory
+            path when writing a partitioned dataset.
 
             .. versionchanged:: 1.2.0
 
@@ -2804,7 +2801,7 @@ def to_parquet(
     @Substitution(shared_params=fmt.common_docstring, returns=fmt.return_docstring)
     def to_html(
         self,
-        buf: FilePathOrBuffer[str] | None = None,
+        buf: FilePath | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         columns: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         col_space: ColspaceArgType | None = None,
         header: bool | Sequence[str] = True,
@@ -2891,7 +2888,7 @@ def to_html(
     @doc(storage_options=generic._shared_docs["storage_options"])
     def to_xml(
         self,
-        path_or_buffer: FilePathOrBuffer | None = None,
+        path_or_buffer: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes] | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         index: bool = True,
         root_name: str | None = "data",
         row_name: str | None = "row",
@@ -2904,7 +2901,7 @@ def to_xml(
         xml_declaration: bool | None = True,
         pretty_print: bool | None = True,
         parser: str | None = "lxml",
-        stylesheet: FilePathOrBuffer | None = None,
+        stylesheet: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes] | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         compression: CompressionOptions = "infer",
         storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     ) -> str | None:
@@ -2915,9 +2912,10 @@ def to_xml(
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path_or_buffer : str, path object or file-like object, optional
-            File to write output to. If None, the output is returned as a
-            string.
+        path_or_buffer : str, path object, file-like object, or None, default None
+            String, path object (implementing ``os.PathLike[str]``), or file-like
+            object implementing a ``write()`` function. If None, the result is returned
+            as a string.
         index : bool, default True
             Whether to include index in XML document.
         root_name : str, default 'data'
@@ -3211,7 +3209,7 @@ def to_xml(
     def info(
         self,
         verbose: bool | None = None,
-        buf: IO[str] | None = None,
+        buf: WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         max_cols: int | None = None,
         memory_usage: bool | str | None = None,
         show_counts: bool | None = None,

pandas/core/generic.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    AnyStr,
     Callable,
     Hashable,
     Literal,
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@
     Dtype,
     DtypeArg,
     DtypeObj,
-    FilePathOrBuffer,
+    FilePath,
     IndexKeyFunc,
     IndexLabel,
     JSONSerializable,
@@ -58,6 +57,7 @@
     TimedeltaConvertibleTypes,
     TimestampConvertibleTypes,
     ValueKeyFunc,
+    WriteBuffer,
     npt,
 )
 from pandas.compat._optional import import_optional_dependency
@@ -2332,7 +2332,7 @@ def to_excel(
     @doc(storage_options=_shared_docs["storage_options"])
     def to_json(
         self,
-        path_or_buf: FilePathOrBuffer | None = None,
+        path_or_buf: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes] | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         orient: str | None = None,
         date_format: str | None = None,
         double_precision: int = 10,
@@ -2353,9 +2353,10 @@ def to_json(
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path_or_buf : str or file handle, optional
-            File path or object. If not specified, the result is returned as
-            a string.
+        path_or_buf : str, path object, file-like object, or None, default None
+            String, path object (implementing os.PathLike[str]), or file-like
+            object implementing a write() function. If None, the result is
+            returned as a string.
         orient : str
             Indication of expected JSON string format.
 
@@ -3337,7 +3338,7 @@ def to_latex(
     @doc(storage_options=_shared_docs["storage_options"])
     def to_csv(
         self,
-        path_or_buf: FilePathOrBuffer[AnyStr] | None = None,
+        path_or_buf: FilePath | WriteBuffer[bytes] | WriteBuffer[str] | None = None,
         sep: str = ",",
         na_rep: str = "",
         float_format: str | None = None,
@@ -3364,10 +3365,11 @@ def to_csv(
 
         Parameters
         ----------
-        path_or_buf : str or file handle, default None
-            File path or object, if None is provided the result is returned as
-            a string.  If a non-binary file object is passed, it should be opened
-            with `newline=''`, disabling universal newlines. If a binary
+        path_or_buf : str, path object, file-like object, or None, default None
+            String, path object (implementing os.PathLike[str]), or file-like
+            object implementing a write() function. If None, the result is
+            returned as a string. If a non-binary file object is passed, it should
+            be opened with `newline=''`, disabling universal newlines. If a binary
             file object is passed, `mode` might need to contain a `'b'`.
 
             .. versionchanged:: 1.2.0