Backport PR #50630 on branch 1.5.x (BUG: Fix bug in putmask for CoW)

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.5.3.rst

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ Fixed regressions
 
 Bug fixes
 ~~~~~~~~~
+- Bug in the Copy-on-Write implementation losing track of views when indexing a :class:`DataFrame` with another :class:`DataFrame` (:issue:`50630`)
 - Bug in :meth:`.Styler.to_excel` leading to error when unrecognized ``border-style`` (e.g. ``"hair"``) provided to Excel writers (:issue:`48649`)
 - Bug when chaining several :meth:`.Styler.concat` calls, only the last styler was concatenated (:issue:`49207`)
 - Fixed bug when instantiating a :class:`DataFrame` subclass inheriting from ``typing.Generic`` that triggered a ``UserWarning`` on python 3.11 (:issue:`49649`)

pandas/core/internals/managers.py

@@ -393,10 +393,8 @@ def setitem(self: T, indexer, value) -> T:
         return self.apply("setitem", indexer=indexer, value=value)
 
     def putmask(self, mask, new, align: bool = True):
-        if (
-            _using_copy_on_write()
-            and self.refs is not None
-            and not all(ref is None for ref in self.refs)
+        if _using_copy_on_write() and any(
+            not self._has_no_reference_block(i) for i in range(len(self.blocks))
         ):
             # some reference -> copy full dataframe
             # TODO(CoW) this could be optimized to only copy the blocks that would

pandas/tests/copy_view/test_methods.py

@@ -214,3 +214,18 @@ def test_chained_methods(request, method, idx, using_copy_on_write):
     df.iloc[0, 0] = 0
     if not df2_is_view:
         tm.assert_frame_equal(df2.iloc[:, idx:], df_orig)
+
+
+def test_putmask(using_copy_on_write):
+    df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2], "b": 1, "c": 2})
+    view = df[:]
+    df_orig = df.copy()
+    df[df == df] = 5
+
+    if using_copy_on_write:
+        assert not np.shares_memory(get_array(view, "a"), get_array(df, "a"))
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(view, df_orig)
+    else:
+        # Without CoW the original will be modified
+        assert np.shares_memory(get_array(view, "a"), get_array(df, "a"))
+        assert view.iloc[0, 0] == 5