Refactor pallet `claims` #7609

Job	Run time
preflight / preflight	44s
preflight / ci-versions	58s
build (polkadot-availability-recovery, availability-recovery-regression-bench)	7m 23s
build (polkadot-availability-distribution, availability-distribution-regression-bench)	5m 9s
build (polkadot-node-core-approval-voting, approval-voting-regression-bench)	22m 28s
build (polkadot-statement-distribution, statement-distribution-regression-bench)	4m 23s
publish-benchmarks	0s
	41m 5s

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