make types within generate_solution_type macro explicit (#8447)

* make types within `generate_solution_type` macro explicit

Closes #8444.

Just changes the parsing logic for that macro; does not change any
emitted code. The associated types associated with the macro now
require explicit, keyword-style declaration.

**Old**:

```rust
sp_npos_elections::generate_solution_type!(
	#[compact]
	pub struct TestCompact::<VoterIndex, TargetIndex, PerU16>(16)
);
```

**New**:

```rust
sp_npos_elections::generate_solution_type!(
	#[compact]
	pub struct TestCompact::<VoterIndex = VoterIndex, CandidateIndex = TargetIndex, Accuracy = PerU16>(16)
);
```

* un-ignore doc-tests

* use new form in bin/node/runtime/

* rename CandidateIndex -> TargetIndex

* add tests demonstrating some potential compile failures

bin/node/runtime/src/lib.rs

@@ -519,8 +519,11 @@ parameter_types! {
 
 sp_npos_elections::generate_solution_type!(
 	#[compact]
-	pub struct NposCompactSolution16::<u32, u16, sp_runtime::PerU16>(16)
-	// -------------------- ^^ <NominatorIndex, ValidatorIndex, Accuracy>
+	pub struct NposCompactSolution16::<
+		VoterIndex = u32,
+		TargetIndex = u16,
+		Accuracy = sp_runtime::PerU16,
+	>(16)
 );
 
 impl pallet_election_provider_multi_phase::Config for Runtime {

frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/mock.rs

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub(crate) type TargetIndex = u16;
 
 sp_npos_elections::generate_solution_type!(
 	#[compact]
-	pub struct TestCompact::<VoterIndex, TargetIndex, PerU16>(16)
+	pub struct TestCompact::<VoterIndex = VoterIndex, TargetIndex = TargetIndex, Accuracy = PerU16>(16)
 );
 
 /// All events of this pallet.

primitives/npos-elections/compact/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,3 +19,9 @@ syn = { version = "1.0.58", features = ["full", "visit"] }
 quote = "1.0"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.6"
 proc-macro-crate = "1.0.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+parity-scale-codec = "2.0.1"
+sp-arithmetic = { path = "../../arithmetic" }
+sp-npos-elections = { path = ".." }
+trybuild = "1.0.41"

primitives/npos-elections/compact/src/lib.rs

@@ -52,8 +52,14 @@ pub(crate) fn syn_err(message: &'static str) -> syn::Error {
 /// For example, the following generates a public struct with name `TestSolution` with `u16` voter
 /// type, `u8` target type and `Perbill` accuracy with maximum of 8 edges per voter.
 ///
-/// ```ignore
-/// generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution<u16, u8, Perbill>::(8))
+/// ```
+/// # use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+/// # use sp_arithmetic::per_things::Perbill;
+/// generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+/// 	VoterIndex = u16,
+/// 	TargetIndex = u8,
+/// 	Accuracy = Perbill,
+/// >(8));
 /// ```
 ///
 /// The given struct provides function to convert from/to Assignment:
@@ -65,11 +71,13 @@ pub(crate) fn syn_err(message: &'static str) -> syn::Error {
 /// lead to many 0s in the solution. If prefixed with `#[compact]`, then a custom compact encoding
 /// for numbers will be used, similar to how `parity-scale-codec`'s `Compact` works.
 ///
-/// ```ignore
+/// ```
+/// # use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+/// # use sp_arithmetic::per_things::Perbill;
 /// generate_solution_type!(
 ///     #[compact]
-///     pub struct TestSolutionCompact<u16, u8, Perbill>::(8)
-/// )
+///     pub struct TestSolutionCompact::<VoterIndex = u16, TargetIndex = u8, Accuracy = Perbill>(8)
+/// );
 /// ```
 #[proc_macro]
 pub fn generate_solution_type(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
@@ -386,7 +394,7 @@ fn check_compact_attr(input: ParseStream) -> Result<bool> {
 	}
 }
 
-/// #[compact] pub struct CompactName::<u32, u32, u32>()
+/// #[compact] pub struct CompactName::<VoterIndex = u32, TargetIndex = u32, Accuracy = u32>()
 impl Parse for SolutionDef {
 	fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
 		// optional #[compact]
@@ -405,9 +413,22 @@ impl Parse for SolutionDef {
 			return Err(syn_err("Must provide 3 generic args."))
 		}
 
-		let mut types: Vec<syn::Type> = generics.args.iter().map(|t|
+		let expected_types = ["VoterIndex", "TargetIndex", "Accuracy"];
+
+		let mut types: Vec<syn::Type> = generics.args.iter().zip(expected_types.iter()).map(|(t, expected)|
 			match t {
-				syn::GenericArgument::Type(ty) => Ok(ty.clone()),
+				syn::GenericArgument::Type(ty) => {
+					// this is now an error
+					Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(ty, format!("Expected binding: `{} = ...`", expected)))
+				},
+				syn::GenericArgument::Binding(syn::Binding{ident, ty, ..}) => {
+					// check that we have the right keyword for this position in the argument list
+					if ident == expected {
+						Ok(ty.clone())
+					} else {
+						Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(ident, format!("Expected `{}`", expected)))
+					}
+				}
 				_ => Err(syn_err("Wrong type of generic provided. Must be a `type`.")),
 			}
 		).collect::<Result<_>>()?;
@@ -436,3 +457,12 @@ impl Parse for SolutionDef {
 fn field_name_for(n: usize) -> Ident {
 	Ident::new(&format!("{}{}", PREFIX, n), Span::call_site())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	#[test]
+	fn ui_fail() {
+		let cases = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+		cases.compile_fail("tests/ui/fail/*.rs");
+	}
+}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_accuracy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+
+generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+	VoterIndex = u16,
+	TargetIndex = u8,
+	Perbill,
+>(8));
+
+fn main() {}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_accuracy.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Expected binding: `Accuracy = ...`
+ --> $DIR/missing_accuracy.rs:6:2
+  |
+6 |     Perbill,
+  |     ^^^^^^^

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_target.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+
+generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+	VoterIndex = u16,
+	u8,
+	Accuracy = Perbill,
+>(8));
+
+fn main() {}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_target.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Expected binding: `TargetIndex = ...`
+ --> $DIR/missing_target.rs:5:2
+  |
+5 |     u8,
+  |     ^^

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_voter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+
+generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+	u16,
+	TargetIndex = u8,
+	Accuracy = Perbill,
+>(8));
+
+fn main() {}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/missing_voter.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Expected binding: `VoterIndex = ...`
+ --> $DIR/missing_voter.rs:4:2
+  |
+4 |     u16,
+  |     ^^^

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/no_annotations.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+
+generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+	u16,
+	u8,
+	Perbill,
+>(8));
+
+fn main() {}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/no_annotations.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Expected binding: `VoterIndex = ...`
+ --> $DIR/no_annotations.rs:4:2
+  |
+4 |     u16,
+  |     ^^^

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/swap_voter_target.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use sp_npos_elections_compact::generate_solution_type;
+
+generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolution::<
+	TargetIndex = u16,
+	VoterIndex = u8,
+	Accuracy = Perbill,
+>(8));
+
+fn main() {}

primitives/npos-elections/compact/tests/ui/fail/swap_voter_target.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: Expected `VoterIndex`
+ --> $DIR/swap_voter_target.rs:4:2
+  |
+4 |     TargetIndex = u16,
+  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^

primitives/npos-elections/fuzzer/src/compact.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ use sp_npos_elections::sp_arithmetic::Percent;
 use sp_runtime::codec::{Encode, Error};
 
 fn main() {
-	generate_solution_type!(#[compact] pub struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<u32, u32, Percent>(16));
+	generate_solution_type!(#[compact] pub struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<
+		VoterIndex = u32,
+		TargetIndex = u32,
+		Accuracy = Percent,
+	>(16));
 	loop {
 		fuzz!(|fuzzer_data: &[u8]| {
 			let result_decoded: Result<InnerTestSolutionCompact, Error> =

primitives/npos-elections/src/tests.rs

@@ -1148,7 +1148,11 @@ mod solution_type {
 
 	type TestAccuracy = Percent;
 
-	generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolutionCompact::<u32, u8, TestAccuracy>(16));
+	generate_solution_type!(pub struct TestSolutionCompact::<
+		VoterIndex = u32,
+		TargetIndex = u8,
+		Accuracy = TestAccuracy,
+	>(16));
 
 	#[allow(dead_code)]
 	mod __private {
@@ -1158,15 +1162,19 @@ mod solution_type {
 		use sp_arithmetic::Percent;
 		generate_solution_type!(
 			#[compact]
-			struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<u32, u8, Percent>(12)
+			struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<VoterIndex = u32, TargetIndex = u8, Accuracy = Percent>(12)
 		);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn solution_struct_works_with_and_without_compact() {
 		// we use u32 size to make sure compact is smaller.
 		let without_compact = {
-			generate_solution_type!(pub struct InnerTestSolution::<u32, u32, Percent>(16));
+			generate_solution_type!(pub struct InnerTestSolution::<
+				VoterIndex = u32,
+				TargetIndex = u32,
+				Accuracy = Percent,
+			>(16));
 			let compact = InnerTestSolution {
 				votes1: vec![(2, 20), (4, 40)],
 				votes2: vec![
@@ -1180,7 +1188,11 @@ mod solution_type {
 		};
 
 		let with_compact = {
-			generate_solution_type!(#[compact] pub struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<u32, u32, Percent>(16));
+			generate_solution_type!(#[compact] pub struct InnerTestSolutionCompact::<
+				VoterIndex = u32,
+				TargetIndex = u32,
+				Accuracy = Percent,
+			>(16));
 			let compact = InnerTestSolutionCompact {
 				votes1: vec![(2, 20), (4, 40)],
 				votes2: vec![