Holmes-VAU: Towards Long-term Video Anomaly Understanding at Any Granularity

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✨Highlights

Abstract: How can we enable models to comprehend video anomalies occurring over varying temporal scales and contexts? Traditional Video Anomaly Understanding (VAU) methods focus on frame-level anomaly prediction, often missing the interpretability of complex and diverse real-world anomalies. Recent multimodal approaches leverage visual and textual data but lack hierarchical annotations that capture both short-term and long-term anomalies.

To address this challenge, we introduce HIVAU-70k, a large-scale benchmark for hierarchical video anomaly understanding across any granularity. We develop a semi-automated annotation engine that efficiently scales high-quality annotations by combining manual video segmentation with recursive free-text annotation using large language models (LLMs). This results in over 70,000 multi-granular annotations organized at clip-level, event-level, and video-level segments.

For efficient anomaly detection in long videos, we propose the Anomaly-focused Temporal Sampler (ATS). ATS integrates an anomaly scorer with a density-aware sampler to adaptively select frames based on anomaly scores, ensuring that the multimodal LLM concentrates on anomaly-rich regions, which significantly enhances both efficiency and accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our hierarchical instruction data markedly improves anomaly comprehension. The integrated ATS and visual-language model outperform traditional methods in processing long videos.

📅 TODO

• Release the paper.
• Release the HIVAU-70k annotations.
• Release the HolmesVAU model.
• Release the inference code.
• Release the training code.

🔧 Benchmarks

1. Download videos Download the source videos for UCF-Crime and XD-Violence from the homepage below:

• UCF-Crime
• XD-Violence

2. Check the folder Put all their training videos and test videos in the [ucf-crime/xd-violence]/videos/[train/test] folder respectively. Please ensure the data structure is as below.

├── HIVAU-70k
    ├── instruction
        ├── merge_instruction_test_final.jsonl
        └── merge_instruction_train_final.jsonl
    ├── raw_annotations
        ├── ucf_database_train.json
        ├── ucf_database_test.json
        ├── xd_database_train.json
        └── xd_database_test.json
    └── videos
        ├── ucf-crime
            ├── clips
            ├── events
            └── videos
                ├── train
                    ├── Abuse001_x264.mp4
                    ├── ...
                └── test
                    ├── Abuse028_x264.mp4
                    ├── ...
        └── xd-violence
            ├── clips
            ├── events
            └── videos
                ├── train
                        ├── A.Beautiful.Mind.2001__#00-01-45_00-02-50_label_A.mp4
                        ├── ...
                    └── test
                        ├── A.Beautiful.Mind.2001__#00-25-20_00-29-20_label_A.mp4
                        ├── ...

3. Split videos This process consumes several hours:

cd HIVAU-70k
python split_video.py
python check_video.py