Update 3-3-the-lost-dao.md

contents/english/3-3-the-lost-dao.md

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 While the internet backbone continued to improve in limited ways, adding security layers and some encryption, the basic features Lick and Nelson saw as essential were never integrated. Public financial support for the networking protocols largely dried up, with remaining open source development largely consisting of volunteer work or work supported by private corporations. As the world woke to the Age of the Internet, the dreams of its founders faded.
 
+### Quality Control and Nameraka Society
+
+While the internet was developed primarily in the United States, cybernetic ideas were taking root and evolving along quite different paths elsewhere in the world. Perhaps nowhere was this more evident than in Japan, where the influence of Wiener's ideas became spread not through computer networks, but through approaches to industrial organization and social theory. In a striking parallel to how the internet pioneers sought to reshape communication through technological networks, Japanese practitioners were applying cybernetic principles to reshape manufacturing processes and eventually, social organization itself.
+After World War II, Japan was materially and psychologically devastated. Nevertheless, the country’s postwar recovery proceeded at a remarkable pace, and Japan transformed itself into the global leader in manufacturing in the 1980s. The management and production practices via feedback loops, the “PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act)” and “Kaizen”, played a major role in this transformation. Such product management practices are another triumph of Wiener's cybernetic concept in Japan.
+
+In the early postwar period, Japan had yet to develop robust infrastructure for mass-producing industrial goods or a solid technological framework to ensure high-quality manufacturing. Products were often deemed substandard. In 1950, the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) asked W. Edwards Deming, an American statistician, to open a lecture series about quality control (QC) during his stay in Japan. [^Deming] [^JUSE] The series on QC and his management philosophy profoundly impacted a large number of Japanese business leaders, managers, engineers, and researchers. 
+Deming emphasized that QC should not be viewed simply as the problem of “weeding out defective products through inspection” but rather as a total process in which the production loop itself is statistically managed and repeatedly improved. Deming also urged top management to engage in communications with engineers and workers and to build an organizational culture that improves processes by recognizing their awareness of total QC for manufacturing. This move toward process-focused improvement changed the fundamental way of Japanese manufacturing.
+In 1951, JUSE solidified Deming's ideas by establishing the Deming Prize. The award celebrates companies and individuals who made remarkable contributions to the advancement of QC. Around the same time, Toyota—a corporation that would later become one of the world’s largest—shifted from inspection-centric QC to a more process-centric approach. [^Toyota] Over the years, these evolving practices came to be known collectively as the PDCA cycle and Kaizen, eventually gaining widespread acceptance across Japanese industries. The practices are one of achievements by demonstrating Wiener's cybernetic concept of feedback loops for self-adaptation.
+
+Wiener’s cybernetic feedback loops also provided the groundwork for what would later be called “complex systems” in the 1980s. Complex systems, initiated by Stuart Kauffman and others, focuses on the higher-order patterns and order (self-organization and emergent phenomena) that emerge from the interactions among numerous elements—be they humans, cells, molecules, or computers—patterns that would not otherwise arise from the individual elements alone. Cybernetics and complex systems share a common question about how systems dynamically change, learn, and maintain or create order.
+Building on the basis of cybernetics, fields including complex systems, artificial life, artificial intelligence, and internet technology flourished in natural science and engineering. As the internet rapidly expanded in the 1990s, questions arose about how these technologies could be used to improve social systems. Ken Suzuki, both a researcher in complex systems and artificial life as well as an entrepreneur, presented his vision of the "Nameraka Society" in the 2000s that might be realized 300 years in the future. He later summarized his ideas in his influential Japanese book "The Nameraka Society and Its Enemies" (なめらかな社会とその敵). [^NamerakaSociety]
+
+"Nameraka Society" is a vision for creating systems that transcend human cognitive limitations through technology, and generates a more network-like society where people can live with full complexity. Suzuki understands the world as a complex web-like network. Within this world, systems emerge that, like cell membranes, create boundaries between inside (body) and outside (environment), leading to self-adaptive systems for the body to recognize its environment. 
+
+This membrane-like existence is scale-free and, through our evolutionary history, has been applied to society, leading to institutions like modern nations that strictly require membership of their citizenships. Meanwhile, "nucleus"-like entities also emerge as scale-free mechanisms that control the cell itself through parameters with few degrees of freedom, such as DNA. The “nucleus” functions as the ego that distinguishes between self and others functions at the individual level, and state power at the societal level. Because these characteristics of membrane and nucleus repeat throughout our evolutionary history, our society is also formed as membranes (separation of inside and outside) and nuclei(power and authority), preventing the resolution of binary oppositions. 
+
+Through technology, his vision attempts to resolve such membranes and nuclei structures, and make our lives a more network-like structure. In a Nameraka Society, individuals no longer exist as such, but rather as "dividuals" (分人) - multi-agent systems constructed through the collaboration of multiple cells, including neural networks in the brain.[^dividual] Drawing on Carl Schmitt's concept of friend and enemy, Suzuki also pointed out that Nameraka society must overcome boundaries between friend and enemy by smooth technological management of violence [^Schmitt]. As a result, people can belong to multiple communities simultaneously without society expecting them to maintain a single identity.
+
+Around 2005, Suzuki further proposed the concept of "Constructive Social Contract Theory." This aimed to create a society under the law which could be automatically executed using human-and-machine-readable legal languages. This vision preceded the 2014 invention of Ethereum, which built a foundation for social contracts based on automatically executing smart contracts with blockchain. Suzuki seems to believe that for Dewey's emergent publics to flourish, the source of power itself must be emergent. Based on these ideas, he has also proposed experimental ideas and social systems such as dividual democracy a.k.a. “divicracy" (分人民主主義) [^divicracy], which allows for division and delegation of votes, and PICSY (Propagational Investment Currency SYstem) [^PICSY], a monetary system where contributions and value propagate. The Nameraka Society’s vision and initiatives continue to influence many Japanese social scientists and engineers including Takahiro Anno, who ran for the 2024 Tokyo gubernatorial election demonstrating digital democracy. [^Anno]
+
+The insights taken from Japan's postwar recovery—namely, the practices of feedback loops and the culture of continuous improvement—reflect the principles of cybernetics. Suzuki's vision for applying these insights to today's digital, networked world can be seen as a project to rediscover and reconstruct "another lost dao". While these developments occurred largely in parallel to and separate from the internet evolution, they represent another path toward realizing cybernetic thinking.
+
+[^Deming]: Deming was a member of the Teleological Society with Wiener, Turing, von Neumann, and others during and after World War II. The society was an antecedent to the worldwide groundwork for cybernetics. It is uncertain that Deming had direct influence from Wiener’s cybernetics but his system design of total quality management has been recognized as a cybernetic organization. Jenkinson, A. “Management,” Cybernetics Society., Dec 22, 2024. https://cybsoc.org/?page_id=1489
+[^JUSE]: JUSE. “How was the Deming Prize Established,” Dec 22, 2024. https://www.juse.or.jp/deming_en/award/
+[^Toyota]: Toyota introduced QC in the early 1950s, and won the Deming Prize in 1965. Toyota Motor Corporation. "Changes and Innovations - Total Quality Management (TQM)," 75 Years of TOYOTA., Dec 22, 2024.　https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/management/tqm/changes.html
+[^NamerakaSociety]: Ken Suzuki, "The Nameraka Society and Its Enemies" (なめらかな社会とその敵), (Keiso Shobo publishing, 2013).
+[^Schmitt]: Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen (Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt, 1932)
+[^divicracy]: Dividual democracy allows delegation of one's vote to others and splitting one's vote to multiple political issues. We will return to dividual democracy in the 5-6 voting - ⿻ Voting tomorrow footnote.
+[^PICSY]: PICSY (Propagational Investment Currency SYstem) is a kind of currency system. We will return to PICSY in the 5-7 social markets - Frontiers of social markets footnote.
+[^Anno]: We will return to his detailed campaign during the 2024 Tokyo gubernatorial election in the 5-4 augmented-deliberation section.
+
 ### Flashbacks
 
 Yet faded dreams have a stubborn persistence, nagging throughout a day. While Lick passed away in 1990, many of the early internet pioneers lived to see their triumph and tragedy.