NAME

Data::Tubes - Text and data canalising

VERSION

This document describes Data::Tubes version {{[ version ]}}.

<a href="https://www.perl.org/">
<img alt="Perl Version" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/perl-5.10+-brightgreen.svg">
</a>

<a href="https://badge.fury.io/pl/Data-Tubes">
<img alt="Current CPAN version" src="https://badge.fury.io/pl/Data-Tubes.svg">
</a>

<a href="http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/dist/Data-Tubes">
<img alt="Kwalitee" src="http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/dist/Data-Tubes.png">
</a>

<a href="http://www.cpantesters.org/distro/D/Data-Tubes.html?distmat=1">
<img alt="CPAN Testers" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/cpan-testers-blue.svg">
</a>

<a href="http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=Data-Tubes">
<img alt="CPAN Testers Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-@testers-blue.svg">
</a>

SYNOPSIS

use Data::Tubes qw< pipeline >, -api => '0.736';

my $id = 0;
my $tube = sequence(
   # automatic loading for simple cases
   'Source::iterate_files', # plugin to handle input files
   'Reader::by_line',       # plugin to read line by line
   'Parser::hashy',         # plugin to parse hashes

   # some operations will require some explicit coding of a tube
   # which is a sub ref with a contract on the return value
   sub {
      my $record = shift;
      $record->{structured}{id} = $id++;
      return $record;
   },

   # automatic loading, but with arguments
   [ # plugin to render stuff using Template::Perlish
      'Renderer::with_template_perlish',
      template => "[% a %]:\n  id: [% id %]\n  meet: [% b %]\n",
   ],
   [ # plugin to write stuff into output files, flexibly
      'Writer::to_files',
      filename => \*STDOUT,
      header   => "---\n",
      footer   => "...\n"
   ],

   # options for pipeline, in this case just pour into the sink
   {tap => 'sink'}
);

my $input = <<'END';
a=Harry b=Sally
a=Jekyll b=Hide
a=Flavio b=Silvia
a=some b=thing
END
$tube->([\$input]);

###############################################################

# a somewhat similar example, with different facilities
use Data::Tubes qw< drain summon >;

# load components from relevant plugins
summon(
   qw<
      Plumbing::sequence
      Source::iterate_files
      Reader::read_by_line
      Parser::parse_hashy
      Renderer::render_with_template_perlish
      Writer::write_to_files
      >
);

# define a sequence of tubes, they're just a bunch of sub references
my $sequence = sequence(
   iterate_files(files => [\"n=Flavio|q=how are you\nn=X|q=Y"]),
   read_by_line(),
   parse_hashy(chunks_separator => '|'),
   render_with_template_perlish(template => "Hi [% n %], [% q %]?\n"),
   write_to_files(filename => \*STDOUT),
);

# run it, forget about what comes out of the end
drain($sequence);

DESCRIPTION

This module allows you to define and manage tubes, which are transformation subroutines over records.

NOTE: this software is usable but still in a state of flux with respect to the interface. Most notably, although the provided plugins are mostly stable, the accepted parameters' names might change to gain greater consistency across the whole codebase. As an example, passing options to sub-module foo might be done via option foo_opt in one function, and via option opts_for_foo in another, which is ugly and likely to be changed to have only one single way.

NOTE: to try and mitigate the previous statement, whenever possible API changes will be versioned, so that both an "old" and the "new" behaviour will be possible. See "API Versioning" for the details. Bottom line: always declare your -api when loading Data::Tubes!

First Things First: What's a Tube?

A sort of operative definition in code:

my @outcome = $tube->($input_record);
if (scalar(@outcome) == 0) {
   print "nothing came out, input record was digested!\n";
}
elsif (scalar(@outcome) == 1) {
   my $output_record = shift @outcome;
}
else {
   my ($type, $value) = @outcome;
   if ($type eq 'records') {
      my @output_records = @$value;
   }
   elsif ($type eq 'iterator') {
      while (my ($output_record) = $iterator->()) {}
   }
   else {
      die "sorry, this tube's output was not valid!\n";
   }
}

A tube is a reference to a subroutine that accepts a single, scalar $input_record and can return zero, one or two (or more) values.

In particular:

• if it returns zero values, then the tube just hasn't anything to emit for that particular input record. The reasons depend on the tube, but this is a perfectly valid outcome;
• if it returns one single value, that is the $output_record corresponding to the $input_record. This is probably the most common case;
• if it returns two (or more) values, the first one will tell you what is returned (i.e. its type, and the second will be some way to get the return value(s). This is what you would use if a single $input_record can potentially give birth to multiple output records, like this:
  • if you can/want to compute all the output records right away (e.g. you just to need to split something in the input record), you can use records for type and pass a reference to an array as the second output value (each of them will be considered an output record);
  • if you cannot (or don't want to) compute all the output records, e.g. because they might just blow out your process' memory, you can use type iterator and return a subroutine reference back. This subroutine MUST be such that repeatingly calling it can yield two possible results:
    • one single element, that is the next output record, OR
    • the empty list, that signals that the iterator has been emptied.

This is all that is assumed about tubes in the general case. Some plugins will make further assumptions about what's expected as an input record (e.g. a hash reference in most of the cases) or what is provided as output records, but the generic case is all in the above definition.

A few examples will help at this point.

A simple filter tube

This is probably the most common type of tube: one record comes in, one comes out. In the example, we will assume the input record is a string, and will transform sequences of spacing characters into single spaces:

my $tube = sub {
   my $text = shift;
   $text =~ s{\s+}{ }gmxs;
   return $text;
};

A grep-like tube

This is a tube that might potentially digest the input record, providing nothing out. In the example, we will assume that we're focusing on valid non-negative integers only, and we will ignore everything else:

my $tube = sub {
   my $number = shift;

   # caution! A simple "return" is much more different than
   # "return undef", the first one is what we need to provide
   # "nothing" as output in the list context!
   return unless defined $number; # ignore input undef:s
   return unless $number =~ m{\A (?: 0 | [1-9]\d* ) \z}mxs;

   # this record passed all check, let's return it
   return $number;
};

A few little children out of your input

This is a tube that will typically generate a few output records from an input one. It's best suited to be used when you know that you have control over the number of output records, and they will not make your memory consumption explode. In the example, we will provide "words" from a text as output records:

my $tube = sub {
   my $text = shift;
   my @words = split /\W+/mxs, $text;
   return (records => \@words);
};

Turning a filename into lines

This is a tube that might generate a lot of records out of a single input one, so it's your best choice when you don't feel too confortable with using the records alternative above. In the example, we will turn an input file name into a sequence of lines from that file:

my $tube = sub {
   my $filename = shift;
   open my $fh, '<', $filename or die "open('$filename'): $!";

   # the iterator is a reference to a sub, no input parameters
   my $iterator = sub {
      my ($line) = <$fh> or return;
      return $line;
   };
};

How Can Data::Tubes Help Me Then?

Data::Tubes can help you out in different ways:

• it provides you with a definition of tube (i.e. a transforming function) that will help you control what you're doing. We already talked about this format, just take a look at "First Things First: What's a Tube?"
• it gives you some plumbing facilities to easily perform some common actions over tubes, e.g. put them in sequence or dispatch an input record to the right tube. This is the kind of stuff that you can find in Data::Tubes::Plugin::Plumbing;
• it gives you a library of pre-defined tube types that will help you with common tasks related to transforming input data in output data (e.g. in some kind of Extract-Transform-Load process). This is what you can find in the Data::Tubes::Plugin namespace!

This module provides you a few useful facilities to make using tubes easier. In particular:

• most of the times you should be interested into "pipeline", as it will help you building a sequence of tubes and manage the output of the overall sequence automatically (e.g. just drain it into the sink, after all records have been processed by the different tubes in the sequence;
• if for some reason you need to load a tube's factory, you can use "summon", that basically does what import usually does, but with some additional DWIM-mery;
• if you have a tube and you want to call it on some input, but you don't care about what will get out, you can use "drain". This is particularly useful if you know (or suspect) that the tube will return an iterator (like "sequence" in Data::Tubes::Plugin::Plumbing) because "drain" will ensure that the iterator is run until it is exhausted.

API Versioning

As of release 0.736, an experimental API versioning mechanism is introduced to cope with interface changes. This should allow to keep both "old" and "new" behaviours when there is a change in e.g. the input parameters of a function, or what it returns in different contexts. Of course this kind of "backwards compatibility" might not be possible all times, in which case a regular deprecation cycle will be adopted or the backwards incompatibility stressed loudly (starting with a major version number change).

The mechanism is simple and is centered on package variable $Data::Tubes::API_VERSION, which by default is initialized with the current version (i.e. whatever $Data::Tubes::VERSION is set to). If you set a version value, the API SHOULD be compliant to what was available at that specific version.

For example, in version 0.736 the function "drain" below was changed to expose a totally consistent behaviour when providing output in scalar context. This new behaviour is used only if $Data::Tubes::API_VERSION is (lexicographically) greater than, or equal to, the string 0.736; otherwise, the old behaviour applies.

You can set the api version value while importing the module, like this:

use Data::Tubes -api => '0.734', @other_imports;

This will initialize $Data::Tubes::API_VERSION to whatever you provide. Order is not important but it is mandatory that you provide a parameter if you pass option -api.

Note that the API Versioning mechanism is dynamically triggered every time, so you can e.g. do this:

# import "drain()" with the new behaviour in 0.736
use Data::Tubes qw< drain >, -api => '0.736';

# use "drain()", but with the previous behaviour
{
   local $Data::Tubes::API_VERSION = '0.734';
   my $whatever = drain($tube, @some_input);
}

# use "drain()", with the 0.736 behaviour
my $whatever = drain($tube, @some_input);

In general, it's advised to always explicitly set your intentions related to the API version you want to use, so that you will likely not be biten by interface changes upon upgrades.

FUNCTIONS

drain

drain($tube, @tube_inputs);

drain whatever comes out of a tube. The tube is run with the provided inputs, and if an iterator comes out of it, it is repeatedly run until it provides no more output records. This is useful if the tube returns an iterator, as it will be exhausted.

Returns different things depending on the calling context:

• in void context, nothing is returned;

• in scalar context it always returns an array reference containing the whole sequence of output records.

  This behaviour is valid as of release 0.736, see below for a description of the previous behaviours and "API Versioning" for a way to trigger them.

• In list context, it always returns a sequence of output records.

Versioning notes (see "API Versioning"):

• up to, and including, release 0.734, the behaviour of this function when called in scalar context was the following:

  Different things are returned depending on what the `$tube` returns. If
  it returns a single item (i.e. a record), it is returned back. If it
  returns the string `records` and an array reference, the array
  reference is returned. If it returns an iterator, an array reference
  with all the output records produced by the iterator is returned.
  
  Note that the _scalar_ context requires you to know precisely what your
  tube provides back, otherwise you might not know if what you are getting
  back is a single record or an array reference with the records inside.
  

pipeline

$pl = pipeline(@tubes); # OR
$pl = pipeline(@tubes, \%args);

build up a pipeline (sequence) of @tubes, possibly with options in %args. This is actually only little more than a wrapper around "sequence" in Data::Tubes::Plugin::Plumbing.

The @tubes are passed to "sequence" in Data::Tubes::Plugin::Plumbing as parameter tubes. Basically, Each item in it must be either a tube itself or something that can be transformed into a tube via "tube" below.

An optional last parameter allows you to specify additional options:

• gate

  a sub ref that is called over each intermediate record to establish if it can continue down the sequence or it should be returned immediately, depending on the truth of the returned value. See "sequence" in Data::Tubes::Plugin::Plumbing;

• prefix

  an alternative prefix to be used whenever "load_sub" in Data::Tubes::Util is called behind the scenes during this invocation;

• pump

  set a sub ref that will be called on the output stream from the sequence. In particular, the output iterator from the sequence is repeatedly called to get an output record, and this record is fed into the pump sub ref;

• tap

  set to either an allowed string or to a subroutine ref. In the second case, the output iterator will be fed into the provided subroutine reference, that will have to use it as it sees fit. Note that this tap will always be provided with an iterator, which means that it MUST be exhausted in order to actually make the whole pipeline work.

  You can also set this to one of the allowed strings, which will generate a suitable tap for you:

  • array

    available as of release 0.736, transforms the input iterator in an array reference with all return values inside. Differently from bucket, only the array reference is returned.

  • bucket

    available as of release 0.732, transforms the input iterator into one of the other allowed return values for a valid tube (i.e. the empty list, a single output record, or a string `records` followed by an array reference holding the output records). This is useful if you are interested into what goes out of the pipeline, but you don't want the delayed processing provided by the iterator.

  • first

    available as of release 0.736, gets the first record from the input iterator and returns it (turning the pipeline into a simple tube that only returns one record). Please note that undef will be returned if there is no record in the iterator, so this tap does not allow distinguishing an undefined record from a missing one (which becomes relevant only if you are anticipating undefined records, of course).

  • sink

    this allows you to exhaust the iterator tossing the outcoming records away. This is what you usually want in some *outer* pipeline, when you are not interested in the records that go out of the pipeline because... you already did all that you needed to do;

If tap is present, pump is ignored.

The returned value is always a subroutine reference. If neither tap nor pump are present, the returned sub reference is a tube resulting from the sequence or provided tubes, so you can use it as any other tube. Otherwise, the returned sub reference will take care of invoking the sequence for you with the parameters you provide, and will then pass the iterator to the provided tap/pump as explained above.

Examples (the following alternatives all do the same thing, mostly):

# no options, what comes back is just a plain tube
$sequence = pipeline($tube1, $tube2, $tube3);
(undef, $it) = $sequence->($record);
# so far, nothing really happened because we have to run
# the iterator until it's exhausted
while (my ($record) = $it->()) { ... }

# set a "sink" tap, we don't care about returned records
$handler = pipeline($tube1, $tube2, $tube3, {tap => 'sink'});
$handler->($record); # this will exhaust the iterator

# set an explicit tap
$handler = pipeline(
   $tube1, $tube2, $tube3,
   {
      tap => sub {
         my $iterator = shift;
         while (my ($record) = $iterator->()) { ... }
      }
   }
);
$handler->($record); # the tap will exhaust the iterator

# set a pump
$handler = pipeline(
   $tube1, $tube2, $tube3,
   {
      pump => sub {
         my $record = shift;
         ...
      }
   }
);
$handler->($record); # the pump will exhaust the iterator

summon

# Direct function import
summon('Some::Package::subroutine');

# DWIM, treat 'em as plugins under Data::Tubes::Plugin
summon(
   [ qw< Plumbing sequence logger > ],
   'Reader::read_by_line',
   \%options,
);

summon operations, most likely from plugins. This is pretty much the same as a regular import done by use, only supposed to be easier to use in a script.

You can pass different things:

• array references

  the first item in the array will be considered the package name, the following ones sub names inside that package;

• strings

  this will be considered a fully qualified sub name, i.e. including the package name at the beginning.

The package name will be subject to some analysis that will make using it a bit easier, by means of "resolve_module" in Data::Tubes::Util.

You can optionally pass a hash reference with options as the last parameter, with the following options:

• package

  the package where the loaded sub should be imported. Defaults to the package calling the summon function;

• prefix

  the prefix to apply when needed. Defaults to Data::Tubes::Plugin. Note that you MUST NOT put the ::, it will be added automatically.

tube

$tube = tube($factory_locator, @parameters); # OR
$tube = tube(\@factory_locator, @parameters); # OR
$tube = tube(\%opts, $factory_locator, @parameters); # OR
$tube = tube(\%opts, \@factory_locator, @parameters);

this allows you to facilitate the creation of a tube, doing most of the heavy-lifting automatically.

The first parameter can optionally be a hash reference of options. Currently, the only supported option is prefix, which allows you to set an alternative prefix with respect to what Data::Tubes::Util/load_sub would assume by default.

The following (or first, if %opts is missing) parameter is used as a locator of a factory method to generate the real tube. It can be either a string, or an array reference containing two elements, a package name and a subroutine name inside that package. The function "load_sub" in Data::Tubes::Util is used to load the factory method automatically, which means that the package name is subject to the same rules described in "summon" above.

After the factory function is loaded, it is called with the provided @parameters and the returned value... returned back.

Hence, this is a quick way to load some factory from a plugin and call it in one, single call:

# no additional parameters
$files = tube('Source::iterate_files');

# set some parameters for iterate_files
$files = tube('Source::iterate_files', binmode => ':raw');

Most of the times, you are probably looking for "pipeline" above, as that will eventually call tube automatically.

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

Report bugs through GitHub (patches welcome) at https://github.com/polettix/Data-Tubes.

AUTHOR

Flavio Poletti polettix@cpan.org

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2022 by Flavio Poletti polettix@cpan.org

This module is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Artistic License 2.0.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.