Add 'add_version_condition' arg (#1177)

Add a flag for controlling whether `Model.save`, `Model.update` and `Model.delete` add a condition that the persisted version is the same as the in-memory one, defaulting to `True` (the "safe" behavior).

docs/optimistic_locking.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+.. _optimistic_locking:
+
 ==================
 Optimistic Locking
 ==================
@@ -18,7 +20,16 @@ See also:
 Version Attribute
 -----------------
 
-To enable optimistic locking for a table simply add a ``VersionAttribute`` to your model definition.
+To enable optimistic locking for a table, add a ``VersionAttribute`` to your model definition. The presence of this
+attribute will change the model's behaviors:
+
+* :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.save` and :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.update` would increment the version attribute
+  every time the model is persisted. This allows concurrent updates not to overwrite each other, at the expense
+  of the latter update failing.
+* :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.save`, :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.update`
+  and :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.delete` would fail if they are the "latter update" (by adding to the update's
+  :ref:`conditions <conditional_operations>`). This behavior is optional since sometimes a more granular approach
+  can be desired (see :ref:`optimistic_locking_version_condition`).
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -86,7 +97,7 @@ These operations will fail if the local object is out-of-date.
       except TransactWriteError as e:
           assert isinstance(e.cause, ClientError)
           assert e.cause_response_code == "TransactionCanceledException"
-          assert "ConditionalCheckFailed" in e.cause_response_message
+          assert any(r.code == "ConditionalCheckFailed" for r in e.cancellation_reasons)
       else:
           raise AssertionError("The version attribute conditional check should have failed.")
 
@@ -107,6 +118,46 @@ These operations will fail if the local object is out-of-date.
   with assert_condition_check_fails():
       office.delete()
 
+
+.. _optimistic_locking_version_condition:
+
+Conditioning on the version
+---------------------------
+
+To have :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.save`, :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.update` or  :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.delete`
+execute even if the item was changed by someone else, pass the ``add_version_condition=False`` parameter.
+In this mode, updates would perform unconditionally but would still increment the version:
+in other words, you could make other updates fail, but your update will succeed.
+
+Done indiscriminately, this would be unsafe, but can be useful in certain scenarios:
+
+#. For ``save``, this is almost always unsafe and undesirable.
+#. For ``update``, use it when updating attributes for which a "last write wins" approach is acceptable,
+   or if you're otherwise conditioning the update in a way that is more domain-specific.
+#. For ``delete``, use it to delete the item regardless of its contents.
+
+For example, if your ``save`` operation experiences frequent "ConditionalCheckFailedException" failures,
+rewrite your code to call ``update`` with individual attributes while passing :code:`add_version_condition=False`.
+By disabling the version condition, you could no longer rely on the checks you've done prior to the modification (due to
+what is known as the "time-of-check to time-of-use" problem). Therefore, consider adding domain-specific conditions
+to ensure the item in the table is in the expected state prior to the update.
+
+For example, let's consider a hotel room-booking service with the conventional constraint that only one person
+can book a room at a time. We can switch from a ``save`` to an ``update`` by specifying the individual attributes
+and rewriting the `if` statement as a condition:
+
+    .. code-block:: diff
+
+        - if room.booked_by:
+        -   raise Exception("Room is already booked")
+        - room.booked_by = user_id
+        - room.save()
+        + room.update(
+        +   actions=[Room.booked_by.set(user_id)],
+        +   condition=Room.booked_by.does_not_exist(),
+        +   add_version_condition=False,
+        + )
+
 Transactions
 ------------
 

docs/release_notes.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 Release Notes
 =============
 
+v5.5.0
+----------
+* :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.save`, :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.update`, :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.delete_item`,
+  and :meth:`~pynamodb.models.Model.delete` now accept a ``add_version_condition`` parameter.
+  See :ref:`optimistic_locking_version_condition` for more details.
+
 v5.4.1
 ----------
 * Use model's AWS credentials in threads (#1164)

pynamodb/__init__.py

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
 """
 __author__ = 'Jharrod LaFon'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
-__version__ = '5.4.1'
+__version__ = '5.5.0'

pynamodb/attributes.py

@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ def deserialize(self, value):
 
 class VersionAttribute(NumberAttribute):
     """
-    A version attribute
+    A number attribute that implements :ref:`optimistic locking <optimistic_locking>`.
     """
     null = True
 

pynamodb/models.py

@@ -402,26 +402,35 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
             msg = "{}<{}>".format(self.Meta.table_name, hash_key)
         return msg
 
-    def delete(self, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default) -> Any:
+    def delete(self, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default,
+               *, add_version_condition: bool = True) -> Any:
         """
-        Deletes this object from dynamodb
+        Deletes this object from DynamoDB.
 
+        :param add_version_condition: For models which have a :class:`~pynamodb.attributes.VersionAttribute`,
+          specifies whether the item should only be deleted if its current version matches the expected one.
+          Set to `False` for a 'delete anyway' strategy.
         :raises pynamodb.exceptions.DeleteError: If the record can not be deleted
         """
         hk_value, rk_value = self._get_hash_range_key_serialized_values()
+
         version_condition = self._handle_version_attribute()
-        if version_condition is not None:
+        if add_version_condition and version_condition is not None:
             condition &= version_condition
 
         return self._get_connection().delete_item(hk_value, range_key=rk_value, condition=condition, settings=settings)
 
-    def update(self, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default) -> Any:
+    def update(self, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default, *, add_version_condition: bool = True) -> Any:
         """
         Updates an item using the UpdateItem operation.
 
         :param actions: a list of Action updates to apply
         :param condition: an optional Condition on which to update
         :param settings: per-operation settings
+        :param add_version_condition: For models which have a :class:`~pynamodb.attributes.VersionAttribute`,
+          specifies whether only to update if the version matches the model that is currently loaded.
+          Set to `False` for a 'last write wins' strategy.
+          Regardless, the version will always be incremented to prevent "rollbacks" by concurrent :meth:`save` calls.
         :raises ModelInstance.DoesNotExist: if the object to be updated does not exist
         :raises pynamodb.exceptions.UpdateError: if the `condition` is not met
         """
@@ -430,7 +439,7 @@ def update(self, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None, s
 
         hk_value, rk_value = self._get_hash_range_key_serialized_values()
         version_condition = self._handle_version_attribute(actions=actions)
-        if version_condition is not None:
+        if add_version_condition and version_condition is not None:
             condition &= version_condition
 
         data = self._get_connection().update_item(hk_value, range_key=rk_value, return_values=ALL_NEW, condition=condition, actions=actions, settings=settings)
@@ -441,11 +450,11 @@ def update(self, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None, s
         self.deserialize(item_data)
         return data
 
-    def save(self, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def save(self, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, settings: OperationSettings = OperationSettings.default, *, add_version_condition: bool = True) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """
         Save this object to dynamodb
         """
-        args, kwargs = self._get_save_args(condition=condition)
+        args, kwargs = self._get_save_args(condition=condition, add_version_condition=add_version_condition)
         kwargs['settings'] = settings
         data = self._get_connection().put_item(*args, **kwargs)
         self.update_local_version_attribute()
@@ -474,11 +483,13 @@ def get_update_kwargs_from_instance(
         actions: List[Action],
         condition: Optional[Condition] = None,
         return_values_on_condition_failure: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        add_version_condition: bool = True,
     ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         hk_value, rk_value = self._get_hash_range_key_serialized_values()
 
         version_condition = self._handle_version_attribute(actions=actions)
-        if version_condition is not None:
+        if add_version_condition and version_condition is not None:
             condition &= version_condition
 
         return self._get_connection().get_operation_kwargs(hk_value, range_key=rk_value, key=KEY, actions=actions, condition=condition, return_values_on_condition_failure=return_values_on_condition_failure)
@@ -487,11 +498,13 @@ def get_delete_kwargs_from_instance(
         self,
         condition: Optional[Condition] = None,
         return_values_on_condition_failure: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        add_version_condition: bool = True,
     ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         hk_value, rk_value = self._get_hash_range_key_serialized_values()
 
         version_condition = self._handle_version_attribute()
-        if version_condition is not None:
+        if add_version_condition and version_condition is not None:
             condition &= version_condition
 
         return self._get_connection().get_operation_kwargs(hk_value, range_key=rk_value, key=KEY, condition=condition, return_values_on_condition_failure=return_values_on_condition_failure)
@@ -900,14 +913,17 @@ def _get_schema(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
                 })
         return schema
 
-    def _get_save_args(self, null_check: bool = True, condition: Optional[Condition] = None) -> Tuple[Iterable[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    def _get_save_args(self, null_check: bool = True, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, *, add_version_condition: bool = True) -> Tuple[Iterable[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
         """
         Gets the proper *args, **kwargs for saving and retrieving this object
 
         This is used for serializing items to be saved, or for serializing just the keys.
 
         :param null_check: If True, then attributes are checked for null.
         :param condition: If set, a condition
+        :param add_version_condition: For models which have a :class:`~pynamodb.attributes.VersionAttribute`,
+          specifies whether the item should only be saved if its current version matches the expected one.
+          Set to `False` for a 'last-write-wins' strategy.
         """
         attribute_values = self.serialize(null_check)
         hash_key_attribute = self._hash_key_attribute()
@@ -921,7 +937,7 @@ def _get_save_args(self, null_check: bool = True, condition: Optional[Condition]
         if range_key is not None:
             kwargs['range_key'] = range_key
         version_condition = self._handle_version_attribute(attributes=attribute_values)
-        if version_condition is not None:
+        if add_version_condition and version_condition is not None:
             condition &= version_condition
         kwargs['attributes'] = attribute_values
         kwargs['condition'] = condition

pynamodb/transactions.py

@@ -100,8 +100,11 @@ def condition_check(self, model_cls: Type[_M], hash_key: _KeyType, range_key: Op
         )
         self._condition_check_items.append(operation_kwargs)
 
-    def delete(self, model: _M, condition: Optional[Condition] = None) -> None:
-        operation_kwargs = model.get_delete_kwargs_from_instance(condition=condition)
+    def delete(self, model: _M, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, *, add_version_condition: bool = True) -> None:
+        operation_kwargs = model.get_delete_kwargs_from_instance(
+            condition=condition,
+            add_version_condition=add_version_condition,
+        )
         self._delete_items.append(operation_kwargs)
 
     def save(self, model: _M, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, return_values: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
@@ -112,11 +115,15 @@ def save(self, model: _M, condition: Optional[Condition] = None, return_values:
         self._put_items.append(operation_kwargs)
         self._models_for_version_attribute_update.append(model)
 
-    def update(self, model: _M, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None, return_values: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def update(self, model: _M, actions: List[Action], condition: Optional[Condition] = None,
+               return_values: Optional[str] = None,
+               *,
+               add_version_condition: bool = True) -> None:
         operation_kwargs = model.get_update_kwargs_from_instance(
             actions=actions,
             condition=condition,
-            return_values_on_condition_failure=return_values
+            return_values_on_condition_failure=return_values,
+            add_version_condition=add_version_condition,
         )
         self._update_items.append(operation_kwargs)
         self._models_for_version_attribute_update.append(model)

tests/integration/test_transaction_integration.py

@@ -327,6 +327,11 @@ def test_transaction_write_with_version_attribute(connection):
     foo3 = Foo(3)
     foo3.save()
 
+    foo42 = Foo(42)
+    foo42.save()
+    foo42_dup = Foo.get(42)
+    foo42_dup.save()  # increment version w/o letting foo4 "know"
+
     with TransactWrite(connection=connection) as transaction:
         transaction.condition_check(Foo, 1, condition=(Foo.bar.exists()))
         transaction.delete(foo2)
@@ -337,13 +342,23 @@ def test_transaction_write_with_version_attribute(connection):
                 Foo.star.set('birdistheword'),
             ]
         )
+        transaction.update(
+            foo42,
+            actions=[
+                Foo.star.set('last write wins'),
+            ],
+            add_version_condition=False,
+        )
 
     assert Foo.get(1).version == 1
     with pytest.raises(DoesNotExist):
         Foo.get(2)
     # Local object's version attribute is updated automatically.
     assert foo3.version == 2
     assert Foo.get(4).version == 1
+    foo42 = Foo.get(42)
+    assert foo42.version == foo42_dup.version + 1 == 3  # ensure version is incremented
+    assert foo42.star == 'last write wins'  # ensure last write wins
 
 
 @pytest.mark.ddblocal
@@ -372,8 +387,10 @@ def test_transaction_write_with_version_attribute_condition_failure(connection):
     with pytest.raises(TransactWriteError) as exc_info:
         with TransactWrite(connection=connection) as transaction:
             transaction.save(Foo(21))
-    assert get_error_code(exc_info.value) == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
-    assert 'ConditionalCheckFailed' in get_error_message(exc_info.value)
+    assert exc_info.value.cause_response_code == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
+    assert len(exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons) == 1
+    assert exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons[0].code == 'ConditionalCheckFailed'
+    assert isinstance(exc_info.value.cause, botocore.exceptions.ClientError)
     assert Foo.Meta.table_name in exc_info.value.cause.MSG_TEMPLATE
 
     with pytest.raises(TransactWriteError) as exc_info:
@@ -384,15 +401,17 @@ def test_transaction_write_with_version_attribute_condition_failure(connection):
                     Foo.star.set('birdistheword'),
                 ]
             )
-    assert get_error_code(exc_info.value) == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
-    assert 'ConditionalCheckFailed' in get_error_message(exc_info.value)
+    assert exc_info.value.cause_response_code == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
+    assert len(exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons) == 1
+    assert exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons[0].code == 'ConditionalCheckFailed'
     assert Foo.Meta.table_name in exc_info.value.cause.MSG_TEMPLATE
     # Version attribute is not updated on failure.
     assert foo2.version is None
 
     with pytest.raises(TransactWriteError) as exc_info:
         with TransactWrite(connection=connection) as transaction:
             transaction.delete(foo2)
-    assert get_error_code(exc_info.value) == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
-    assert 'ConditionalCheckFailed' in get_error_message(exc_info.value)
+    assert exc_info.value.cause_response_code == TRANSACTION_CANCELLED
+    assert len(exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons) == 1
+    assert exc_info.value.cancellation_reasons[0].code == 'ConditionalCheckFailed'
     assert Foo.Meta.table_name in exc_info.value.cause.MSG_TEMPLATE